CLICK HERE TO GO SOMEWHERE BETTER Brought to you by ​Ahrefs​, a data-driven marketing toolset powered by a huge index of backlinks, keywords and content 155 google-site-verification: google353d3d241e3fa498.html 809 KEYWORD RESEARCH Top Google searches (as of October 2018) Tim Soulo October 1, 2018 964 shares 9 Comments Tim Soulo Tim Soulo Tim is the CMO and Product advisor at Ahrefs. But most importantly he’s the biggest fanboy and the truest evangelist of the company. Learn more about Tim Article stats Twitter 155 Facebook 809 Referring domains 84 Organic traffic 14967 Data from Content Explorer tool. Share Are you wondering what people in the United States (and around the World) are searching for the most? Then you’re in luck! We’ve just uploaded fresh data from October into Keywords Explorer—our monstrous keywords database—and naturally, we wanted to know which Google searches were most popular this month. SIDENOTE. the total size of Ahrefs’ keywords database is now 7.2 BILLION keywords (~3 Billion of which are Google search queries from the United States alone). Which makes our database the biggest one in our industry. We have pulled two lists for the United States: Top100 most searched keywords in the US—a list of terms with the highest average monthly search volume as of today; Top100 new keywords in the US in October—a list of the most popular search queries that we haven’t seen up until October. And then we also pulled these “best new keywords in October” across all countries in our database, which turned out quite interesting as well. So here you go: Top 100 Google search queries in the US (in October 2018) Unsurprisingly, this list is almost entirely dominated by branded searches. But we have decided to leave the list as is so that you could see the full picture. # Keyword Search Volume Return Rate 1 facebook 236,100,000 11.10 2 youtube 191,400,000 6.35 3 amazon 99,050,000 4.28 4 gmail 89,360,000 5.50 5 google 83,260,000 4.26 6 ebay 57,740,000 4.59 7 yahoo 56,150,000 8.04 8 craigslist 53,810,000 4.42 9 yahoo mail 51,550,000 6.46 10 weather 50,970,000 4.91 11 google maps 41,050,000 3.67 12 netflix 38,350,000 3.38 13 walmart 36,630,000 2.58 14 google translate 35,710,000 5.12 15 google docs 27,220,000 4.87 16 news 26,940,000 9.01 17 facebook login 25,840,000 5.99 18 translate 24,820,000 5.04 19 home depot 24,290,000 2.55 20 cnn 24,160,000 6.84 21 hotmail 23,620,000 5.97 22 fox news 22,270,000 8.18 23 google drive 21,230,000 4.00 24 calculator 20,870,000 4.54 25 maps 20,410,000 3.21 26 msn 19,950,000 11.86 27 usps tracking 18,430,000 3.20 28 google classroom 17,760,000 4.58 29 lowes 17,440,000 2.51 30 entertainment 16,610,000 5.00 31 paypal 16,470,000 2.43 32 bank of america 16,110,000 4.04 33 aol mail 16,080,000 10.09 34 target 15,970,000 2.16 35 espn 15,930,000 5.64 36 instagram 15,920,000 2.40 37 wells fargo 15,260,000 4.13 38 pinterest 14,790,000 2.94 39 zillow 14,260,000 2.65 40 twitter 13,790,000 3.12 41 you tube 13,580,000 4.64 42 speed test 13,170,000 2.77 43 indeed 13,160,000 3.29 44 best buy 13,000,000 1.92 45 trump 12,740,000 9.62 46 roblox 12,700,000 4.71 47 sports 12,450,000 3.74 48 linkedin 12,340,000 2.60 49 youtube to mp3 11,950,000 3.51 50 aol 10,840,000 10.30 51 amazon prime 10,550,000 2.42 52 chase 10,290,000 3.91 53 capital one 10,060,000 3.02 54 pandora 10,030,000 2.64 55 ups tracking 9,910,000 2.43 56 costco 9,720,000 2.16 57 reddit 9,710,000 3.83 58 bing 9,310,000 5.50 59 nba 9,230,000 8.43 60 traductor 9,130,000 7.34 61 kohls 9,050,000 2.35 62 finance 9,020,000 13.27 63 hulu 8,730,000 2.20 64 american airlines 8,560,000 2.24 65 usps 8,230,000 2.11 66 fb 8,140,000 11.88 67 pizza hut 8,010,000 1.88 68 etsy 7,980,000 2.48 69 123movies 7,900,000 3.52 70 airbnb 7,840,000 2.07 71 twitch 7,700,000 2.95 72 nfl 7,640,000 5.34 73 dominos 7,400,000 1.93 74 expedia 7,320,000 2.30 75 spotify 7,290,000 1.69 76 macys 7,260,000 2.49 77 google flights 7,230,000 3.88 78 wells fargo login 7,190,000 3.90 79 google scholar 7,130,000 4.15 80 verizon 6,890,000 1.92 81 you 6,700,000 2.31 82 united airlines 6,660,000 2.00 83 fedex tracking 6,570,000 2.38 84 google news 6,440,000 7.98 85 mapquest 6,150,000 2.27 86 bed bath and beyond 6,150,000 1.78 87 outlook 6,070,000 2.87 88 discord 6,060,000 2.22 89 pof 5,910,000 9.54 90 southwest 5,870,000 2.14 91 walgreens 5,860,000 1.79 92 restaurants near me 5,850,000 2.04 93 credit karma 5,830,000 2.12 94 solitaire 5,750,000 11.10 95 xfinity 5,740,000 2.33 96 groupon 5,710,000 1.86 97 thesaurus 5,700,000 2.31 98 gamestop 5,640,000 2.04 99 tumblr 5,620,000 3.27 100 autozone 5,550,000 1.94 SIDENOTE. We removed all NSFW queries from this list. What you see above are the top 100 “clean” search queries. Here’s the raw, uncensored list for those that want it. (You’ve been warned!) Before we move on to the next list of trending keywords, it’s important to understand the keyword metrics that we display. Search volume Search volume shows how many times a given keyword is being entered into Google per month. And, because the search demand on many keywords tends to fluctuate from month to month, the number that we give you is an annual average. SIDENOTE. here at Ahrefs we calculate search volumes by modeling data from Google Keyword Planner against clickstream data (learn more here). This method has proven to be quite accurate and we keep tweaking our model to achieve even better results. Return Rate Return Rate shows how often a person will search for that keyword again. It is a relative metric, so RR 3.55 doesn’t mean that people perform the same search 3–4 times a month on average. But Return Rate is very useful when comparing two keywords. For example, the keyword “spotify” has RR 1.69, which means that people rarely search for that keyword again. (Probably because they were just looking to download this app or learn what it is.) On the other hand, “facebook” has RR 11.10, which means that people search for it quite frequently. (Probably because many people don’t have Facebook on their bookmarks bar, and simply Google it each time they want to access it.) Learn more about Search volume & Return rate here. Top 100 NEW Google searches in the US (in October 2018) This list is much more interesting because it shows things that people in the US have started to care about in October all of a sudden. # Keyword Search Volume 1 cesar sayoc 90,000 2 hurricane michael update 31,000 3 jayme closs 29,000 4 tricktreatwin 28,000 5 tricktreatwin com 18,000 6 hurricane michael tracker 17,000 7 hurricane michael live 14,000 8 lauren mccluskey 14,000 9 viktoria marinova 10,000 10 pittsburgh synagogue shooting 9,000 11 jackson cosko 8,800 12 megyn kelly blackface 8,500 13 mega millions results 10/19/18 8,500 14 melvin rowland 8,500 15 cesar sayoc jr 8,300 16 rose mallinger 7,900 17 dyson airwrap 7,500 18 hurricane michael noaa 7,500 19 goblin slayer episode 2 6,900 20 saudi journalist 6,900 21 caesar sayoc 6,700 22 noaa hurricane michael 6,100 23 dennis sansoucie 6,000 24 mega millions results 10/23/18 5,900 25 ti melania video 5,900 26 limo crash ny 5,800 27 powerball numbers 10/24/18 5,800 28 fortnite shooting galleries 5,700 29 roman reigns cancer 5,600 30 victoria marinova 5,500 31 typhoon yutu 5,500 32 kelsey quayle 5,400 33 path of hurricane michael 5,300 34 tricktreatwin.com 5,100 35 larry gaudette 5,000 36 new york limo crash 4,900 37 la croix lawsuit 4,900 38 hurricane michael radar 4,800 39 connor and khabib 4,700 40 hilary brooke mueller 4,700 41 jayme closs update 4,600 42 american music awards of 2018 nominees and winners 4,500 43 sayoc name origin 4,500 44 pete davidson ariana grande split 4,400 45 mega millions numbers 10/23/18 4,400 46 cornerstone caroline 4,400 47 tree of life shooting 4,400 48 cesar sayoc van 4,300 49 mega millions 10/19/18 4,300 50 sans forgetica 4,300 51 the dragon mural in l.a. chinatown 4,300 52 powerball 10/24/18 4,300 53 fortnite gargoyles 4,200 54 ix easter egg 4,200 55 kristin westra 4,200 56 voiceoverpete 4,200 57 witches brew frappuccino 4,200 58 cesar sayoc nationality 4,100 59 hurricane michael georgia 4,100 60 powerball numbers 10/20/18 4,000 61 goblin slayer episode 3 4,000 62 pittsburgh shooting victims 3,900 63 where is hurricane michael 3,900 64 presidential alert october 3 3,800 65 ny limo crash 3,700 66 powerball 10/20/18 3,700 67 hurricane willa track 3,700 68 starbucks witches brew 3,700 69 hurricane michael deaths 3,700 70 national hurricane center michael 3,700 71 natalie mayflower sours edwards 3,600 72 haunting of hill house season 2 3,600 73 gargoyles fortnite 3,600 74 bent neck lady 3,500 75 kowalski analysis 3,500 76 roman reigns leukemia 3,500 77 sandra margulies 3,400 78 e911 chip 3,400 79 blood of the dead easter egg 3,400 80 powerball numbers 10/27/18 3,400 81 megyn kelly black face 3,400 82 grinch leak 3,400 83 joan kathleen irion 3,300 84 dx 12 shotgun 3,200 85 hurricane michael pictures 3,200 86 danye jones 3,200 87 the haunting of hill house season 2 3,200 88 mexico beach damage 3,200 89 jack hall gang map 1 3,200 90 dance in front of different gargoyles 3,200 91 corner store caroline 3,100 92 shooting galleries fortnite 3,100 93 limo crash victims 3,100 94 cody ray the voice 3,100 95 red sox parade 2018 3,000 96 synagogue shooting pittsburgh 3,000 97 mega millions numbers 10/19/18 3,000 98 boston vs dodgers 3,000 99 hurricane michael aftermath 3,000 100 mcgregor vs khabib live stream 3,000 What’s interesting, is that some of these new keywords had a big spike in search demand and then faded to nothing quite fast. While others seem to have a continuous search demand, that shows no signs of fading. “Presidential alert october 3” vs “Dyson airwrap” are two great examples: google trends 1 I didn’t include Return Rate this time, because the vast majority of these Google searches were very close to 1. But I included Keyword Difficulty metric, which is super low for almost all keywords in this list (since they’re brand new). Keyword Difficulty Keyword Difficulty score shows how hard it would be to rank in top10 search results for a given keyword (learn more here). It is based on the size and quality of the pages that already rank there. Given that KD scores for most of these keywords are so low, I wonder if this very article will rank for some of them? And that’s it for the US. Let’s look at what bothered people around the World in October. Top NEW Google searches around the World (in October 2018) I know Ahrefs has a ton of customers from all around the world, and hopefully, everyone will find a fun keyword from their country in this list. # Keyword Search Volume Country 1 summer youth olympic games 242,000 in 2 ブエノスアイレスユースオリンピック 2018 112,000 jp 3 cesar sayoc 90,000 us 4 apuração eleições 2018 2 turno 88,000 br 5 juegos olímpicos de la juventud de verano 73,000 es 6 летние юношеские олимпийские игры — 2018 70,000 ru 7 tamilrockers.hn 68,000 in 8 漫画塔 39,000 jp 9 summer youth olympic games 36,000 au 10 ประเทศกูมี 34,000 th 11 hurricane michael update 31,000 us 12 jayme closs 29,000 us 13 tricktreatwin 28,000 us 14 cemal kaşıkçı 27,000 tr 15 thế vận hội olympic trẻ 2018 26,000 vn 16 тайрус вонг 25,000 ua 17 aravinda sametha review 22,000 in 18 apuracao eleicao 2018 2 turno 22,000 br 19 lion air jt 610 21,000 id 20 tricktreatwin com 18,000 us 21 laura esther rodríguez dulanto 18,000 pe 22 hurricane michael tracker 17,000 us 23 mary prince 17,000 cl 24 tamilrockers hn 17,000 in 25 resultado eleição presidente 2018 15,000 br 26 jogos olímpicos da juventude de verão 15,000 pt 27 hurricane michael live 14,000 us 28 lauren mccluskey 14,000 us 29 [it] halloween 13,000 it 30 ziua internațională a profesorului 13,000 ro 31 psg naples streaming 12,000 fr 32 משחקים אולימפיים לנוער 2018 12,000 il 33 amritsar train accident 11,000 in 34 vada chennai review 11,000 in 35 viktoria marinova 10,000 us 36 resultados das eleições: brasil 10,000 br 37 jamal khashoggi 9,600 id 38 apuração eleições 2018 ao vivo 9,400 br 39 теракт в керчи 9,100 ru 40 pittsburgh synagogue shooting 9,000 us 41 titli cyclone 9,000 in 42 gempa situbondo 8,900 id 43 jackson cosko 8,800 us 44 sarkar.sunpictures.in 8,700 in 45 cyclone titli 8,600 in 46 rini puspitawati 8,500 id 47 megyn kelly blackface 8,500 us 48 mega millions results 10/19/18 8,500 us 49 melvin rowland 8,500 us 50 cesar sayoc jr 8,300 us 51 boca de urna segundo turno 8,200 br 52 woolworths com au qantas 8,000 au 53 rose mallinger 7,900 us 54 anagrama de autora 7,800 br 55 владислав росляков 7,800 ru 56 rawee pawilai 7,700 th 57 www.disneyland.leclerc 7,600 fr 58 dyson airwrap 7,500 us 59 hurricane michael noaa 7,500 us 60 desiree mariottini 7,400 it 61 69062733 7,000 de 62 the fables of bidpai 7,000 in 63 goblin slayer episode 2 6,900 us 64 saudi journalist 6,900 us 65 caesar sayoc 6,700 us 66 donarak ölen şehitler 6,600 tr 67 jt 610 6,500 id 68 leicester city helicopter 6,500 gb 69 galatasaray schalke canlı izle 6,500 tr 70 gremio x river ao vivo 6,300 br 71 naya pakistan housing scheme 6,300 pk 72 dhgtk v2 6,200 id 73 juegos olímpicos de la juventud buenos aires 2018 medallas por país 6,200 ar 74 summer youth olympic games 6,200 vn 75 звоните дикаприо 2 серия 6,100 ru 76 resultado das eleições 2018 2 turno 6,100 br 77 wyniki wyborow 2018 6,100 pl 78 résultats élections communales 2018 6,100 be 79 noaa hurricane michael 6,100 us 80 hasil seleksi administrasi cpns 2018 6,000 id 81 aravinda sametha collections 6,000 in 82 dennis sansoucie 6,000 us 83 seann and katya 6,000 gb 84 mega millions results 10/23/18 5,900 us 85 ti melania video 5,900 us 86 limo crash ny 5,800 us 87 powerball numbers 10/24/18 5,800 us 88 letné olympijské hry mládeže 2018 5,800 sk 89 fortnite shooting galleries 5,700 us 90 69425831 5,600 de 91 roman reigns cancer 5,600 us 92 dyson airwrap 5,600 de 93 naya pakistan housing scheme form 5,500 pk 94 victoria marinova 5,500 us 95 cemal kaşıkçı kimdir 5,500 tr 96 typhoon yutu 5,500 us 97 kelsey quayle 5,400 us 98 çukur son bölüm yeni sezon 5,400 tr 99 qub radio 5,400 ca 100 porto galatasaray maçı izle 5,400 tr It looks like the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Games dominate this list! Top NEW Google searches in YOUR niche (in October 2018) Did you know that you can use the “newly discovered” feature in Keywords Explorer to find search queries (containing any “seed” keyword) that were recently added to our database? Keywords Explorer > enter a seed keyword > Newly discovered You can do some seriously cool stuff with this! For example, imagine that you run a tech blog. You could enter “hurricane” as your seed keyword and find all the relevant newly‐discovered terms from the last month. ahrefs newly discovered It looks like a lot of people were tracking hurricane Michael. SIDENOTE. We use clickstream data to discover new search queries, so some long‐tail keywords may come in a little delayed. Seriously, this is a potential goldmine of keyword opportunities. So please do play around with it and see what you can find. 🙂 Free mini‐tool is coming soon… we (still) promise! Back when the original version of this article was first published (April 2017), I mentioned that we were working on a mini‐tool that would be updated with fresh data from all countries… every month. I’m quite embarrassed to admit it, but we still haven’t had a chance to finish making this. (In all honesty, we got carried away with the brand new Rank Tracker and Site Audit tools.) BUT it is ~80% complete—here’s a preview: top google searches tool new We’re expecting the next few months to be a bit less hectic, so we’ll have this ready for you soon! Stay tuned! 🙂 Share 155 809 Get notified of new articles 53,166 marketers are already subscribed to Ahrefs blog. Leave your email to get our weekly newsletter. Email Subscription Enter your email © 2018 Ahrefs Pte Ltd. CBS Detroit NEWS WEATHER SPORTS BEST OF VIDEO AUTOS & MORE Google Reveals The ‘Most Googled’ Topics Of 2017 December 15, 2017 at 8:10 pmFiled Under:2017, Chris Melore, Google, Hurricane Irma, Local TV, Matt Lauer, most Googled, talkers, tom petty CBS Local — One of the biggest storms to strike the U.S. in history is also entering the record books as the most searched topic on Google in 2017. Hurricane Irma, the category 5 storm which battered Florida and the Caribbean in September, was the “most Googled” search term in the U.S. and around the world this year. ADVERTISING Matt Lauer, the former Today show host fired over sexual harassment allegations, was the second-most frequently entered search among Americans in 2017. Legendary singer and musician Tom Petty, who passed away on Oct. 2, finished third on Google’s list. Here are some of the other terms, popular questions, and people Google says had the highest sustained spike in traffic in the United States and globally this year: UNITED STATES Searches 1. Hurricane Irma 2. Matt Lauer 3. Tom Petty 4. Super Bowl 5. Las Vegas Shooting 6. Mayweather vs. McGregor Fight 7. Solar Eclipse 8. Hurricane Harvey 9. Aaron Hernandez 10. Fidget Spinner People 1. Matt Lauer 2. Meghan Markle 3. Harvey Weinstein 4. Michael Flynn 5. Kevin Spacey 6. Bill O’Reilly 7. Melania Trump 8. Kathy Griffin 9. Milo Yiannopoulos 10. Gal Gadot Losses 1. Tom Petty 2. Aaron Hernandez 3. Chris Cornell 4. Bill Paxton 5. Hugh Hefner 6. Chester Bennington 7. Charlie Murphy 8. Lil Peep 9. Jim Nabors 10. David Cassidy How to… 1. How to make slime 2. How to make solar eclipse glasses 3. How to watch the solar eclipse 4. How to watch Mayweather vs. McGregor 5. How to buy Bitcoin 6. How to freeze your credit 7. How to solve a Rubix Cube 8. How to make a fidget spinner 9. How to cook a turkey in the oven 10. How to screen record What is… 1. What is DACA? 2. What is Bitcoin? 3. What is a solar eclipse? Larry Page From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the British musician, see Larry Page (singer). Larry Page Larry Page in the European Parliament, 17.06.2009 (cropped).jpg Page speaking at the European Parliament on June 17, 2009 Born Lawrence Edward Page March 26, 1973 (age 45) East Lansing, Michigan, U.S. Residence Palo Alto, California, U.S.[1][2] Alma mater University of Michigan (BS) Stanford University (MS) Occupation Computer scientistInternet entrepreneur Known for Co-founding Google, Alphabet Inc. and PageRank Salary One-dollar salary Net worth US$53.4 billion[3] (2018) Title CEO of Alphabet Inc. Spouse(s) Lucinda Southworth (m. 2007)[4] Children 2 Lawrence Edward Page[5] (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google with Sergey Brin.[1][6] Page is the chief executive officer of Alphabet Inc. (Google's parent company). After stepping aside as Google CEO in August 2001, in favor of Eric Schmidt, he re-assumed the role in April 2011. He announced his intention to step aside a second time in July 2015, to become CEO of Alphabet, under which Google's assets would be reorganized. Under Page, Alphabet is seeking to deliver major advancements in a variety of industries.[7] As of October 2018, Page was the 9th-richest person in the world, with a net worth of $53.4 billion.[8] Page is the inventor of PageRank, Google's best-known search ranking algorithm.[16] Page received the Marconi Prize in 2004 with Brin.[17] Contents 1 Early life and education 2 PhD studies and research 2.1 Search engine development 3 Google 3.1 1998–2001 3.1.1 Founding 3.1.2 Early management style 3.2 2001–2011 3.2.1 Changes in management and expansion 3.2.2 Assumption of CEO position at Google 3.3 2011–2013 3.3.1 Changes and consolidation process 3.3.2 Acquisition strategy and new products 3.4 2013–2015 4 Other interests 5 Personal life 6 Awards and accolades 6.1 1998–2009 6.2 2009–present 7 References 8 External links Early life and education Page was born on March 26, 1973,[18] in East Lansing, Michigan.[19] His mother was Jewish,[20] and his maternal grandfather later made aliyah to Israel,[21] but Page does not follow any formal religion.[20][22] His father, Carl Victor Page, Sr., earned a PhD in computer science from the University of Michigan, when the field was being established, and BBC reporter Will Smale has described him as a "pioneer in computer science and artificial intelligence".[23] He was a computer science professor at Michigan State University and Page's mother, Gloria, was an instructor in computer programming at Lyman Briggs College and at Michigan State University.[24][23][25] During an interview, Page recalled his childhood, noting that his house "was usually a mess, with computers, science, and technology magazines and Popular Science magazines all over the place", an environment in which he immersed himself. Page was an avid reader during his youth, writing in his 2013 Google founders letter: "I remember spending a huge amount of time pouring [sic] over books and magazines".[26] According to writer Nicholas Carlson, the combined influence of Page's home atmosphere and his attentive parents "fostered creativity and invention". Page also played flute and studied music composition while growing up. He attended the renowned music summer camp - Interlochen Arts Camp at Interlochen, Michigan. Page has mentioned that his musical education inspired his impatience and obsession with speed in computing. "In some sense, I feel like music training led to the high-speed legacy of Google for me". In an interview Page said that "In music, you're very cognizant of time. Time is like the primary thing" and that "If you think about it from a music point of view, if you're a percussionist, you hit something, it's got to happen in milliseconds, fractions of a second".[9][27] Page was first attracted to computers when he was six years old, as he was able to "play with the stuff lying around"—first-generation personal computers—that had been left by his parents.[24] He became the "first kid in his elementary school to turn in an assignment from a word processor".[28] His older brother also taught him to take things apart and before long he was taking "everything in his house apart to see how it worked". He said that "from a very early age, I also realized I wanted to invent things. So I became really interested in technology and business. Probably from when I was 12, I knew I was going to start a company eventually."[28] Page attended the Okemos Montessori School (now called Montessori Radmoor) in Okemos, Michigan, from 1975 to 1979, and graduated from East Lansing High School in 1991. He attended Interlochen Center for the Arts as a saxophonist for two summers while in high school. Page holds a Bachelor of Science in computer engineering from the University of Michigan, with honors and a Master of Science in computer science from Stanford University.[29] While at the University of Michigan, Page created an inkjet printer made of Lego bricks (literally a line plotter), after he thought it possible to print large posters cheaply with the use of inkjet cartridges—Page reverse-engineered the ink cartridge, and built all of the electronics and mechanics to drive it.[24] Page served as the president of the Beta Epsilon chapter of the Eta Kappa Nu fraternity,[30] and was a member of the 1993 "Maize & Blue" University of Michigan Solar Car team.[31] As an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, he proposed that the school replace its bus system with a PRT System which is essentially a driverless monorail with separate cars for every passenger.[9] He also developed a business plan for a company that would use software to build a music synthesizer during this time.[27] PhD studies and research After enrolling in a computer science PhD program at Stanford University, Page was in search of a dissertation theme and considered exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph. His supervisor, Terry Winograd, encouraged him to pursue the idea, and Page recalled in 2008 that it was the best advice he had ever received.[32] He also considered doing research on telepresence and autonomous cars during this time.[33][34][35][36] Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages linked to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks as valuable information for that page. The role of citations in academic publishing would also become pertinent for the research.[36] Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford PhD student, would soon join Page's research project, nicknamed "BackRub."[36] Together, the pair authored a research paper titled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine", which became one of the most downloaded scientific documents in the history of the Internet at the time.[24][34] John Battelle, co-founder of Wired magazine, wrote that Page had reasoned that the: ... entire Web was loosely based on the premise of citation—after all, what is a link but a citation? If he could devise a method to count and qualify each backlink on the Web, as Page puts it "the Web would become a more valuable place."[36] Battelle further described how Page and Brin began working together on the project: At the time Page conceived of BackRub, the Web comprised an estimated 10 million documents, with an untold number of links between them. The computing resources required to crawl such a beast were well beyond the usual bounds of a student project. Unaware of exactly what he was getting into, Page began building out his crawler. The idea's complexity and scale lured Brin to the job. A polymath who had jumped from project to project without settling on a thesis topic, he found the premise behind BackRub fascinating. "I talked to lots of research groups" around the school, Brin recalls, "and this was the most exciting project, both because it tackled the Web, which represents human knowledge, and because I liked Larry."[36] Search engine development To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones.[36] The algorithm relied on a new technology that analyzed the relevance of the backlinks that connected one web page to another.[37] Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing Page's dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used to connect the not nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network.[36] After filling Page's room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems.[38] Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it required additional servers to process the queries. In August 1996, the initial version of Google, still on the Stanford University website, was made available to Internet users.[36] Page and Sergey Brin by Graziano Origa By early 1997, the BackRub page described the state as follows: The mathematical website interlinking that the PageRank algorithm facilitates, illustrated by size-percentage correlation of the circles. The algorithm was named after Page himself. Some Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996) Total indexable HTML URLs: 75.2306 Million Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes ... BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra series II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks. — Larry Page page@cs.stanford.edu[39] BackRub already exhibited the rudimentary functions and characteristics of a search engine: a query input was entered and it provided a list of backlinks ranked by importance. Page recalled: "We realized that we had a querying tool. It gave you a good overall ranking of pages and ordering of follow-up pages."[40] Page said that in mid-1998 they finally realized the further potential of their project: "Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day. And we figured, maybe this is really real."[38] Some compared Page and Brin's vision to the impact of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing: In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg introduced Europe to the mechanical printing press, printing Bibles for mass consumption. The technology allowed for books and manuscripts – originally replicated by hand – to be printed at a much faster rate, thus spreading knowledge and helping to usher in the European Renaissance ... Google has done a similar job.[41] The comparison was also noted by the authors of The Google Story: "Not since Gutenberg ... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google."[42] Also, not long after the two "cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information that was at the time beyond the web," such as digitizing books and expanding health information.[38] Google Page in the early days of Google 1998–2001 Founding Mark Malseed wrote in a 2003 feature story: Soliciting funds from faculty members, family and friends, Brin and Page scraped together enough to buy some servers and rent that famous garage in Menlo Park. ... [soon after], Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a $100,000 check to "Google, Inc." The only problem was, "Google, Inc." did not yet exist—the company hadn't yet been incorporated. For two weeks, as they handled the paperwork, the young men had nowhere to deposit the money.[43] In 1998,[44] Brin and Page incorporated Google, Inc.[45] with the initial domain name of "Googol," derived from a number that consists of one followed by one hundred zeros—representing the vast amount of data that the search engine was intended to explore. Following inception, Page appointed himself as CEO, while Brin, named Google's co-founder, served as Google's president.[9] Writer Nicholas Carlson wrote in 2014: While Google is often thought of as the invention of two young computer whizzes—Sergey and Larry, Larry and Sergey—the truth is that Google is a creation of Larry Page, helped along by Sergey Brin.[9] The pair's mission was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful."[46] With a US$1-million loan from friends and family, the inaugural team moved into a Mountain View office by the start of 2000. In 1999, Page experimented with smaller servers so Google could fit more into each square meter of the third-party warehouses the company rented for their servers. This eventually led to a search engine that ran much faster than Google's competitors at the time.[9] By June 2000, Google had indexed one billion Internet URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), making it the most comprehensive search engine on the Web at the time. The company cited NEC Research Institute data in its June 26 press release, stating that "there are more than 1 billion web pages online today," with Google "providing access to 560 million full-text indexed web pages and 500 million partially indexed URLs."[47] Early management style During his first tenure as CEO, Page embarked on an attempt to fire all of Google's project managers in 2001. Page's plan involved all of Google's engineers reporting to a VP of engineering, who would then report directly to him—Page explained that he didn't like non-engineers supervising engineers due to their limited technical knowledge.[9] Page even documented his management tenets for his team to use as a reference: Don't delegate: Do everything you can yourself to make things go faster. Don't get in the way if you're not adding value. Let the people actually doing the work talk to each other while you go do something else. Don't be a bureaucrat. Ideas are more important than age. Just because someone is junior doesn't mean they don't deserve respect and cooperation. The worst thing you can do is stop someone from doing something by saying, "No. Period." If you say no, you have to help them find a better way to get it done.[9] Even though Page's new model was unsustainable and led to disgruntlement among the affected employees, his issue with engineers being managed by non-engineering staff gained traction more broadly. Eventually, the practice of only instating engineers into the management roles of engineering teams was established as a standard across Silicon Valley.[48] Page also believed that the faster Google's search engine returned answers, the more it would be used. He fretted over milliseconds and pushed his engineers—from those who developed algorithms to those who built data centers—to think about lag times. He also pushed for keeping Google's home page famously sparse in its design because it would help the search results load faster.[27] 2001–2011 Changes in management and expansion Before Silicon Valley's two most prominent investors, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital, agreed to invest a combined total of $50 million in Google, they applied pressure on Page to step down as CEO so that a more experienced leader could build a "world-class management team." Page eventually became amenable to the idea after meeting with other technology CEOs, including Steve Jobs and Intel's Andrew Grove. Eric Schmidt, who had been hired as Chairman of Google in March 2001, left his full-time position as the CEO of Novell to take the same role at Google in August of the same year, and Page moved aside to assume the President of Products role.[9] Under Schmidt's leadership, Google underwent a period of major growth and expansion, which included its initial public offering (IPO) on August 20, 2004. He always acted in consultation with Page and Brin when he embarked on initiatives such as the hiring of an executive team and the creation of a sales force management system. Page remained the boss at Google in the eyes of the employees, as he gave final approval on all new hires, and it was Page who provided the signature for the IPO, the latter making him a billionaire at the age of 30.[9] Page led the acquisition of Android for $50 million in 2005 to fulfill his ambition to place handheld computers in the possession of consumers so that they could access Google anywhere. The purchase was made without Schmidt's knowledge, but the CEO was not perturbed by the relatively small acquisition. Page became passionate about Android, and spent large amounts of time with Android CEO and cofounder Andy Rubin. By September 2008, T-Mobile launched the G1, the first phone using Android software and, by 2010, 17.2% of the handset market consisted of Android sales, overtaking Apple for the first time. Android became the world's most popular mobile operating system shortly afterward.[9] Assumption of CEO position at Google Following a January 2011 announcement,[49] Page officially became the chief executive of Google on April 4, 2011, while Schmidt stepped down to become executive chairman.[50] By this time, Google had over $180 billion market capitalization and more than 24,000 employees.[51] After Schmidt announced the end of his tenure as CEO on January 20, 2011, he jokingly tweeted on Twitter: "Adult-supervision no longer needed." Quartz organizational management reporter, Max Nisen, described the decade prior to Page's second appointment as Google's CEO as his "lost decade." While Page continued to exert a significant influence at Google during this time, overseeing product development and other operations, he became increasingly disconnected and less responsive over time.[9][48] 2011–2013 As Google's new CEO, Page's two key goals were the development of greater autonomy for the executives overseeing the most important divisions, and higher levels of collaboration, communication and unity among the teams. Page also formed what the media called the "L-Team," a group of senior vice-presidents who reported directly to him and worked in close proximity to his office for a portion of the working week.[52] Additionally, he reorganized the company's senior management, placing a CEO-like manager at the top of Google's most important product divisions, including YouTube, AdWords, and Google Search.[9] In accordance with a more cohesive team environment, Page declared a new "zero tolerance for fighting" policy that contrasted with his approach during the early days of Google, when he would use his harsh and intense arguments with Brin as an exemplar for senior management. Page had changed his thinking during his time away from the CEO role, as he eventually arrived at the conclusion that his greatly ambitious goals required a harmonious team dynamic. As part of Page's collaborative rejuvenation process, Google's products and applications were consolidated and underwent an aesthetic overhaul.[48][53] Changes and consolidation process At least 70 of Google's products, features and services were eventually shut down by March 2013, while the appearance and nature of the remaining ones were unified.[54][55] Jon Wiley, lead designer of Google Search at the time, codenamed Page's redesign overhaul, which officially commenced on April 4, 2011, "Project Kennedy," based on Page's use of the term "moonshots" to describe ambitious projects in a January 2013 Wired interview.[53][56] An initiative named "Kanna" previously attempted to create a uniform design aesthetic for Google's range of products, but it was too difficult at that point in the company's history for one team to drive such change. Matias Duarte, senior director of the Android user experience at the time that "Kennedy" started, explained in 2013 that "Google passionately cares about design." Page proceeded to consult with the Google Creative Lab design team, based in New York City, to find an answer to his question of what a "cohesive vision" of Google might look like.[53] The eventual results of "Kennedy," which were progressively rolled out from June 2011 until January 2013, were described by The Verge technology publication as focused upon "refinement, white space, cleanliness, elasticity, usefulness, and most of all simplicity." The final products were aligned with Page's aim for a consistent suite of products that can "move fast," and "Kennedy" was called a "design revolution" by Duarte. Page's "UXA" (user/graphics interface) design team then emerged from the "Kennedy" project, tasked with "designing and developing a true UI framework that transforms Google's application software into a beautiful, mature, accessible and consistent platform for its users." Unspoken of in public, the small UXA unit was designed to ensure that "Kennedy" became an "institution."[53] Acquisition strategy and new products When acquiring products and companies for Google, Page asked whether the business acquisition passed the toothbrush test as an initial qualifier, asking the question "Is it something you will use once or twice a day, and does it make your life better?". This approach looked for usefulness above profitability, and long-term potential over near-term financial gain, which has been noted as rare in business acquiring processes.[57][58][59] With Facebook's influence rapidly expanding during the start of Page's second tenure, he finally responded to the intensive competition with Google's own social network, Google+, in mid-2011. After several delays, the social network was released through a very limited field test and was led by Vic Gundotra, Google's then senior vice president of social.[60] In August 2011, Page announced that Google would spend $12.5 billion to acquire Motorola Mobility.[61] The purchase was primarily motivated by Google's need to secure patents to protect Android from lawsuits by companies including Apple Inc.[9] Page wrote on Google's official blog on August 15, 2011 that "companies including Microsoft and Apple are banding together in anti-competitive patent attacks on Android. The United States Department of Justice had to intervene in the results of one recent patent auction to "protect competition and innovation in the open source software community"... Our acquisition of Motorola will increase competition by strengthening Google's patent portfolio, which will enable us to better protect Android from anti-competitive threats from Microsoft, Apple and other companies".[62][63] Page also ventured into hardware and Google unveiled the Chromebook in May 2012. The hardware product was a laptop that ran on a Google operating system, Chrome OS.[64] 2013–2015 In January 2013, Page participated in a rare interview with Wired, in which writer Steven Levy discussed Page's "10X" mentality—Google employees are expected to create products and services that are at least 10 times better than those of its competitors—in the introductory blurb. Astro Teller, the head of Google X, explained to Levy that 10X is "just core to who he [Page] is," while Page's "focus is on where the next 10X will come from."[56] In his interview with Levy, Page referred to the success of YouTube and Android as examples of "crazy" ideas that investors were not initially interested in, saying: "If you're not doing some things that are crazy, then you're doing the wrong things."[56] Page also stated that he was "very happy" with the status of Google+, and discussed concerns over the Internet in relation to the SOPA bill and an International Telecommunication Union proposal that had been recently introduced: ... I do think the Internet's under much greater attack than it has been in the past. Governments are now afraid of the Internet because of the Middle East stuff, and so they're a little more willing to listen to what I see as a lot of commercial interests that just want to make money by restricting people's freedoms. But they've also seen a tremendous user reaction, like the backlash against SOPA. I think that governments fight users' freedoms at their own peril.[56] At the May 2013 I/O developers conference in San Francisco, Page delivered a keynote address and said that "We're at maybe 1% of what is possible. Despite the faster change, we're still moving slow relative to the opportunities we have. I think a lot of that is because of the negativity ... Every story I read is Google vs someone else. That's boring. We should be focusing on building the things that don't exist" and that he was "sad the Web isn't advancing as fast as it should be" citing a perceived focus on negativity and zero sum games among some in the technology sector as a cause for that.[65] In response to an audience question, Page noted an issue that Google had been experiencing with Microsoft, whereby the latter made its Outlook program interoperable with Google, but did not allow for backward compatibility—he referred to Microsoft's practice as "milking off." During the question-and-answer section of his keynote, Page expressed interest in Burning Man, which Brin had previously praised—it was a motivating factor for the latter during Schmidt's hiring process, as Brin liked that Schmidt had attended the week-long annual event.[9][66][67] In September 2013, Page launched the independent Calico initiative, a R&D project in the field of biotechnology. Google announced that Calico seeks to innovate and make improvements in the field of human health, and appointed Art Levinson, chairman of Apple's board and former CEO of Genentech, to be the new division's CEO. Page's official statement read: "Illness and aging affect all our families. With some longer term, moonshot thinking around healthcare and biotechnology, I believe we can improve millions of lives."[68] Page participated in a March 2014 TedX conference that was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The presentation was scripted by Page's chief PR executive Rachel Whetstone, and Google's CMO Lorraine Twohill, and a demonstration of an artificially intelligent computer program was displayed on a large screen.[9] Page responded to a question about corporations, noting that corporations largely get a "bad rap", which he stated was because they were probably doing the same incremental things they were doing "50 or 20 years ago". He went on to juxtapose that kind of incremental approach to his vision of Google counteracting calcification through driving technology innovation at a high rate. Page mentioned Elon Musk and SpaceX: He [Musk] wants to go to Mars to back up humanity. That's a worthy goal. We have a lot of employees at Google who've become pretty wealthy. You're working because you want to change the world and make it better ... I'd like for us to help out more than we are.[69] Page also mentioned Nikola Tesla with regard to invention and commercialization: Invention is not enough. [Nikola] Tesla invented the electric power we use, but he struggled to get it out to people. [You have to] combine both things ... invention and innovation focus, plus ... a company that can really commercialize things and get them to people.[70] Page announced a major management restructure in October 2014 so that he would no longer need to be responsible for day-to-day product-related decision making. In a memo, Page said that Google's core businesses would be able to progress in a typical manner, while he could focus on the next generation of ambitious projects, including Google X initiatives; access and energy, including Google Fiber; smart-home automation through Nest Labs; and biotechnology innovations under Calico.[71] Page maintained that he would continue as the unofficial "chief product officer."[55] Subsequent to the announcement, the executives in charge of Google's core products reported to then Google Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai, who reported directly to Page.[71][72][73][74] In a November 2014 interview, Page stated that he prioritized the maintenance of his "deep knowledge" of Google's products and breadth of projects, as it had been a key motivating factor for team members. In relation to his then role as the company's CEO, Page said: "I think my job as CEO—I feel like it's always to be pushing people ahead."[55] On August 10, 2015, Page announced on Google's official blog that Google had restructured into a number of subsidiaries of a new holding company known as Alphabet Inc with Page becoming CEO of Alphabet Inc and Sundar Pichai assuming the position of CEO of Google Inc. In his announcement, Page described the planned holding company as follows:[75] Alphabet is mostly a collection of companies. The largest of which, of course, is Google. This newer Google is a bit slimmed down, with the companies that are pretty far afield of our main Internet products contained in Alphabet instead. ... Fundamentally, we believe this allows us more management scale, as we can run things independently that aren't very related. As well as explaining the origin of the company's name: We liked the name Alphabet because it means a collection of letters that represent language, one of humanity's most important innovations, and is the core of how we index with Google search! We also like that it means alpha‑bet (Alpha is investment return above benchmark), which we strive for! Page wrote that the motivation behind the reorganization is to make Google "cleaner and more accountable." He also wrote that there was a desire to improve "the transparency and oversight of what we're doing," and to allow greater control of unrelated companies previously within the Google ecosystem.[75][76][77] Page has not been on any press conferences since 2015 and has not presented at product launches or earnings calls since 2013. The Bloomberg Businessweek termed the reorganization into Alphabet as a clever retirement plan allowing Page to retain control over Google, at the same time relinquishing all responsibilities over it. Executives at Alphabet describe Page as a "futurist", highly detached from day-to-day business dealings and more focused on moon-shot projects. While some managers of Alphabet companies speak of Page as intensely involved, others say that his rare office check-ins are "akin to a royal visit".[78] Other interests Page is an investor in Tesla Motors.[79] He has invested in renewable energy technology, and with the help of Google.org, Google's philanthropic arm, promotes the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric cars[clarification needed] and other alternative energy investments.[80] He is also a strategic backer in the Opener startup which is developing aerial vehicles for consumer travel.[81] Page is also interested in the socio-economic effects of advanced intelligent systems and how advanced digital technologies can be used to create abundance (as described in Peter Diamandis' book), provide for people's needs, shorten the workweek, and mitigate the potential detrimental effects of technological unemployment.[82][83] Page also helped to set up Singularity University, a transhumanist think-tank.[84] Google is one of the institution's corporate founders[85] and still funds scholarships at Singularity University.[86] Personal life In 2007, Page married Lucinda Southworth on Necker Island, the Caribbean island owned by Richard Branson.[4] Southworth is a research scientist and the sister of actress and model Carrie Southworth.[87] Page and Southworth have two children, born in 2009 and 2011.[88][89] On February 18, 2005, Page was granted the deed on a 9,000 square feet (840 m2) Spanish Colonial Revival architecture house in Palo Alto, California designed by American artistic polymath Pedro Joseph de Lemos, a former curator of the Stanford Art Museum and founder of the Carmel Art Institute, after the historic building had been on the market for years with an asking price of US$7.95 million. A two-story stucco archway spans the driveway and the home features intricate stucco work, as well as stone and tile in California Arts and Crafts movement style built to resemble de Lemos family's castle in Spain. The hacienda was constructed between 1931-41 by de Lemos.[90][91][92][93][94] It is also on the National Register of Historic Places.[95] Page's superyacht 'Senses', docked in Helsinki In 2009 Page began purchasing properties and tearing down homes adjacent to his home in Palo Alto to make room for a large ecohouse. The existing buildings were "deconstructed" and the materials donated for reuse. The ecohouse was designed to "minimize the impact on the environment." Page worked with an arborist to replace some trees that were in poor health with others that used less water to maintain. Page also applied for Green Point Certification, with points given for use of recycled and low or no-VOC (volatile organic compound) materials and for a roof garden with solar panels. The house's exterior features zinc cladding and plenty of windows, including a wall of sliding-glass doors in the rear. It includes eco-friendly elements such as permeable paving in the parking court and a pervious path through the trees on the property. The 6,000-square-foot (560m²) house also observes other green home design features such as organic architecture building materials and low volatile organic compound paint.[96][97][98][99] In 2011, Page became the owner of the $45-million 193-foot (59m) superyacht 'Senses', which is equipped with a helipad, gym, multi-level sun decks, ten luxury suites, a crew of 14 and interior design by French designer Philippe Starck.[100] 'Senses' has extensive ocean exploration capabilities, the superyacht was created to explore the world's oceans in comfort and it carries a comprehensive inventory of equipment for that purpose.[101] 'Senses' was built by Fr. Schweers Shipyard in Germany at their Berne shipyard. 'Senses' features a displacement steel hull and a steel/aluminium superstructure, with teak decks. 'Senses' is equipped with an ultra-modern stabilization system which reduces the free surface effect and results in a smoother cruising experience underway.[102] Page announced on his Google+ profile in May 2013 that his right vocal cord is paralyzed from a cold that he contracted the previous summer, while his left cord was paralyzed in 1999.[103] Page explained that he has been suffering from a vocal cord issue for 14 years, and, as of his May 2013 post, doctors were unable to identify the exact cause. The Google+ post also revealed that Page had donated a considerable sum of money to a vocal-cord nerve-function research program at the Voice Health Institute in Boston, US. The program, at Massachusetts General Hospital, is led by Steven Zeitels, the Eugene B. Casey Professor of Laryngeal Surgery. An anonymous source stated that the donation exceeded $20 million.[104] In October 2013, Business Insider reported that Page's paralyzed vocal cords are caused by an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and prevented him from undertaking Google quarterly earnings conference calls for an indefinite period.[105] In November 2014, Page's family foundation, the Carl Victor Page Memorial Fund, reportedly holding assets in excess of a billion dollars at the end of 2013, gave $15 million to aid the effort against the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Page wrote on his Google+ page that "My wife and I just donated $15 million. ... Our hearts go out to everyone affected."[106][107][108][109] Awards and accolades 1998–2009 PC Magazine has praised Google as among the Top 100 Web Sites and Search Engines (1998) and awarded Google the Technical Excellence Award for Innovation in Web Application Development in 1999. In 2000, Google earned a Webby Award, a People's Voice Award for technical achievement, and in 2001, was awarded Outstanding Search Service, Best Image Search Engine, Best Design, Most Webmaster Friendly Search Engine, and Best Search Feature at the Search Engine Watch Awards."[110] In 2002, Page was named a World Economic Forum Global Leader for Tomorrow[111] and along with Brin, was named by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Technology Review publication as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, as part of its yearly TR100 listing (changed to "TR35" after 2005).[112] In 2003, both Page and Brin received a MBA from IE Business School, in an honorary capacity, "for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses."[113] In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation's prize and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for "their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today.".[114] Page and Brin were also Award Recipients and National Finalists for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2003.[115] Also in 2004, X PRIZE chose Page as a trustee of their board[116] and he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.[111] In 2005, Brin and Page were elected Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[117] In 2008 Page received the Communication Award from King Felipe at the Princess of Asturias Awards on behalf of Google.[118] 2009–present In 2009, Page received an honorary doctorate from the University of Michigan during a graduation commencement ceremony.[119] In 2011, he was ranked 24th on the Forbes list of billionaires, and as the 11th richest person in the U.S.[1] In 2015, Page's "Powerful People" profile on the Forbes site states that Google is "the most influential company of the digital era".[120] As of July 2014, the Bloomberg Billionaires Index lists Page as the 17th richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of $32.7 billion.[121] At the completion of 2014, Fortune magazine named Page its "Businessperson of the Year," declaring him "the world's most daring CEO".[122] In October 2015, Page was named number one in Forbes' "America's Most Popular Chief Executives", as voted by Google's employees.[123] In August 2017, Page was awarded honorary citizenship of Agrigento, Italy[124] Also in August Larry declined to attend a USA Senate hearing. An empty seat labelled google defined his absence. His plans for a censored Chinese search engine called dragonfly upset some USA senators. He has refused to discuss his China search plans and did not even reveal his plans to google co-founder Sergey Brin. Google is coming under intense scrutiny for anti trust behaviour.[125] References Forbes (2014). "Larry Page". Forbes. Retrieved March 3, 2014. "Larry Page's house in Palo Alto, California". Retrieved May 7, 2016. "Larry Page Profile". Forbes. Retrieved January 5, 2017. Amanda Beck; Gary Hill (November 13, 2007). "Google founder Larry Page to marry". Reuters. Retrieved May 15, 2013. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (2013). "Page, Larry". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved August 28, 2018. "In The Garage Where Google Was Born". Mashable. September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2016. Jay Yarow (August 10, 2015). "Google new operating structure - Business Insider". Business Insider. "Larry Page". Forbes. Retrieved October 5, 2018. 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"Management team – Company – Google". Google.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012. American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide, June 22, 2015. Owen Thomas (March 14, 2013). "There's A Pretty Big Tension In How Larry Page Is Running Google". Business Insider. Business Insider Inc. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Dieter Bohn, Ellis Hamburger (January 24, 2013). "Redesigning Google: how Larry Page engineered a beautiful revolution". The Verge. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Urs Hölzle (March 13, 2013). "A second spring of cleaning". Official Google Blog. Google. Retrieved February 3, 2015. MIguel Helft (November 13, 2014). "Google's Larry Page: The most ambitious CEO in the universe". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved February 3, 2015. Steven Levy (January 17, 2013). "Google's Larry Page on Why Moon Shots Matter". Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved February 1, 2015. "Why Google's Larry Page Only Buys Companies That Pass His Crazy Toothbrush Test - Inc.com". Inc.com. David Gelles. "In Silicon Valley, Mergers Must Meet the Toothbrush Test". The New York Times. "Larry Page Toothbrush Test Google Acquisitions - Business Insider". Business Insider. August 18, 2014. Ben Parr (June 28, 2011). "Google Launches Google+ To Battle Facebook [PICS]". Mashable. Mashable. Retrieved February 2, 2015. Robin Wauters (August 15, 2011). "Google Buys Motorola Mobility For $12.5B, Says "Android Will Stay Open"". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved February 2, 2015. "Official Google Blog: Supercharging Android: Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility". Official Google Blog. "Google CEO Larry Page explains reasoning behind Motorola acquisition (spoiler: patents)". BGR. Om Malik (May 29, 2012). "Google launches Chromebook, Chromebox & gets it right". Gigaom. Gigaom, Inc. Retrieved February 2, 2015. "Larry Page Quotes". BrainyQuote. "Liveblog: Get the Latest Updates From Google I/O 2013". WIRED. Shara Tibken (May 15, 2013). "Google's Page: We should be building great things that don't exist". CNet. CNet. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Casey Newton (September 18, 2013). "Google launches Calico, a new company tasked with extending human life". The Verge. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved February 2, 2015. Yarow, Jay (20 March 2014). "LARRY PAGE: I Would Rather Give My Billions To Elon Musk Than Charity". Business Insider. Retrieved 28 December 2014. "Quote | Invention Is Not Enough. [Nikola] Tesla ..." Retrieved 2018-09-12. Nicole Arce (October 25, 2014). "The rise and rise of Sundar Pichai in Google (and Larry Page is loving it)". Tech Times. Rolfe Winkler. "In New Structure, Google CEO Page Aims for 'Faster, Better Decisions'". WSJ. Shreya Shetty. "Sundar Pichai moved up the ladder to head Google's products business - Mobiletor.com". Mobiletor.com. Gabriela Vatu (October 25, 2014). "Larry Page Promotes Sundar Pichai to Chief of Core Google Products". softpedia. Page, Larry. "G is for Google". Google Official Blog. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Metz, Cade. "A New Company Called Alphabet Now Owns Google". Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Page, Larry (August 10, 2015). "G is for Google". Official Google Blog. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015. Bergen, Mark; Carr, Austin (September 13, 2018). "Where in the World Is Larry Page?". Bloomberg Businessweek. "SiliconBeat: Tesla Motors, new electric sportscar company, raises $40M from Google guys, others". siliconbeat.com. Scott 2008, pp. 78–91 "Opener Announces Silicon Valley Luminary Backing". opener.aero. Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Vinod Khosla discuss their views on the societal impact of technology (July 3, 2014). The audience is composed of the CEOs of the portfolio companies of Khosla Ventures. FT interview with Google co-founder and CEO Larry Page (October 31, 2014), Financial Times Ashlee Vance (June 13, 2010). "Merely Human? That's So Yesterday". The New York Times. "Frequently Asked Questions". Singularity University. KurzweilAI. "announcement - Special invitation to apply to Singularity University, featuring full tuition grant". kurzweilai.net. Megan McCarthy (December 7, 2007). "President Bush, Clintons to meet at Googler wedding?". Gawker. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Ryan Tate (November 6, 2009). "Another Google Heir Is Born". Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc. Retrieved May 15, 2013. "Larry Page Fast Facts". cnn.com. Retrieved June 23, 2013. ": Fall Real Estate 2003 - Palo Alto Online -". paloaltoonline.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2017. Jackson West. "Larry Page's $7 million manse". Gawker. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. "Cody Anderson Wasney Architects - Waverley Oaks (Hacienda De Lemos)". cawarchitects.com. "Persevering to preserve the past". paloaltoonline.com. "Hacienda de Lemos". pastheritage.org. "National Register #80000863: Lemos House in Palo Alto, California". noehill.com. Owen Thomas. "Google's Larry Page Goes on Eco-Friendly Construction Rampage". Gawker. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. "Larry Page to Build New 'Eco-Friendly' House in Palo Alto". On The Block. "Google's Larry Page building eco-friendly compound in Palo Alto". mercurynews.com. "Google exec plans 6,000-square-foot home". paloaltoonline.com. "A yacht to smile about: Billionaire Google founder buys 193-foot boat for $45million ... but he bought it second-hand". Daily Mail. January 12, 2011. "Luxury Motor Yacht 'Senses' - World Cruising Charter Yacht". charterworld.com. Yacht Charter Fleet. "SENSES Yacht - Fr. Schweers Shipyard - Yacht Charter Fleet". yachtcharterfleet.com. Pepitone, Julianne (May 14, 2013). "Google CEO Larry Page has vocal cord paralysis". CNN Money. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Brad Stone (May 14, 2013). "Larry Page Explains What Happened to His Voice". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Shontell, Alyson (October 17, 2013). "Larry Page Tells Wall Street This Could Be His Last Google Earnings Call For A While". Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc. Retrieved October 18, 2013. "Larry Page - Tech Philanthropists - Donors - Foundations - Inside Philanthropy". squarespace.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. "Google CEO Larry Page Gave $177-Million to Charity Last Month". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. "Larry Page - Google+". google.com. "Google, CEO Larry Page Donate Millions To Ebola Fight". cbslocal.com. National Science Foundation Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Fellow Profiles. "Larry Page". crunchbase.com. "2002 Young Innovators Under 35: Larry Page, 29". Technology Review. 2002. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Brin and Page Awarded MBAs, Press Release, September 9, 2003 Brin and Page Receive Marconi Foundation's Highest Honor, Press Release, September 23, 2004 Archived December 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. "15 Local Business Leaders Receive Awards for Their Success in Business And The Community." PR NewsWire, June 23, 2003. Web. April 10, 2015. "Management team". google.com. "American Academy of Arts & Sciences". amacad.org. "Prince Of Asturias Awards 2008". "Larry Page's University of Michigan 2009 Spring Commencement Address=October 06, 2009". "Powerful People - Larry Page". Forbes.com. Forbes.com LLC. 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015. "Bloomberg Billionaires Index". Bloomberg LP. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012. Miguel Helft (December 2014). "2014's Top People in Business - 1. Larry Page". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved February 3, 2015. "America's Most Popular Chief Executives [Infographic]". Forbes. Retrieved October 23, 2015. "Larry Page di Google cittadino onorario di Agrigento - Tlc". ANSA.it (in Italian). August 4, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017. "Larry Page the Al Capone bully of search engines [Infographic]". hereticpress. Retrieved October 14, 2018. External links Larry Page at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Larry Page on Google+ Larry Page at Bloomberg L.P. Business positions Preceded by Before first era: Company founded Before second era: Eric Schmidt CEO of Google 1998–2001 2011–2015 Succeeded by Eric Schmidt Sundar Pichai Preceded by Company founded CEO of Alphabet Inc. 2015–present Incumbent vte Alphabet Inc. vte Google Authority control Edit this at Wikidata DBLP: p/LawrencePage GND: 13271163X ISNI: 0000 0004 3076 4124 LCCN: n2005086596 NKC: vse2010558370 SNAC: w6r50mkf SUDOC: 169742857 VIAF: 35624513 WorldCat Identities: 35624513 P vip.svgBiography portalGoogle 2015 logo.svgGoogle portalCrystal Clear app linneighborhood.svgInternet portal Categories: 1973 birthsAmerican billionairesAmerican computer businesspeopleAmerican computer scientistsAmerican corporate directorsAmerican technology chief executivesAmerican technology company foundersBusinesspeople from MichiganBusinesspeople in information technologyBusinesspeople in softwareDirectors of GoogleFellows of the American Academy of Arts and SciencesGoogle employeesLife extensionistsLiving peopleMembers of the United States National Academy of EngineeringPeople from Palo Alto, CaliforniaPeople from East Lansing, MichiganStanford University alumniUniversity of Michigan alumniWebby Award winnersAlphabet Inc. peopleAmerican people of Jewish descent Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2018, at 06:13 (UTC). 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All Rights Reserved. Powered by WordPress.com VIP By viewing our video content, you are accepting the terms of our Video Services Policy Privacy Policy (Updated May 24, 2018) Terms of Use Your California Privacy Rights Mobile User Agreement Ad Choices EEO Reports :) TECH FINANCE POLITICS STRATEGY LIFE ALL PRIME INTELLIGENCE Google reveals the 20 most popular searches in 2016 Avery Hartmans Dec. 14, 2016, 11:33 AM Prince in concert Beloved musician Prince died in April of this year. Kristian Dowling/Getty Images Google just released its top trending searches list for 2016, and the results won't surprise you at all. Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and the election topped this year's list, along with notable sports figures like Michael Phelps and Simone Biles. One breakout hit was mobile gaming, including Pokémon Go and Slither.io, which topped App Store charts and attracted millions of users. Google broke the results down by the top Google searches and the top people searches (although the people list did not include those who died in the last year). Here are the top 20 people and searches from Google in 2016. People 10. Kevin Durant Ben Margot/AP In what was called a "stunning move," Kevin Durant signed to the Golden State Warriors in July. The former Oklahoma City Thunder small forward inked the two-year deal after the Warriors achieved one of the best regular-season records in NBA history last season at 73 wins and 9 losses. 9. Usain Bolt Quinn Rooney/Getty Images Usain Bolt completed the elusive triple-triple at the Rio Olympics this summer, winning the 4 x 100-meter relay, the 100 meters, and the 200 meters for the third straight time. 8. Cam Newton Streeter Lecka/Getty It's been a tough season for Carolina Panthers quarterback Cam Newton. Newton has taken several blows to the head, suffering a concussion against the Atlanta Falcons earlier this season and taking several late hits by defenders. Experts inside the NFL are worried about Newton's safety on the field and would be "stunned" if he lasted longer than a few years in the NFL. 7. Simone Biles Elsa/Getty Images After her first showing at the Olympic games in Rio this past summer, Simone Biles was quickly a fan favorite. But she also proved to be one of the best gymnasts the US team has ever seen, and possibly the best gymnast in history. Biles won five medals at the games, including four gold. 6. Ryan Lochte Michael Sohn/AP Despite being one of the best swimmers in US history, Ryan Lochte fell from grace this summer after lying about being robbed at gunpoint in Rio. Lochte's lies were quickly exposed, resulting in the swimmer losing sponsorship deals and being suspended from competing for 10 months. 5. Steven Avery AP Images After the documentary "Making a Murderer" premiered on Netflix, its subject, Steven Avery, became the subject of national fascination. Avery spent years in prison for a crime he says he didn't commit, but after being released, wound up in prison again after being accused of murder along with his nephew, Brendan Dassey. A judge overturned Dassey's conviction in August, but Avery remains behind bars. 4. Bernie Sanders Alex Wong/Getty Images The Vermont senator was a strong contender for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2016, fighting a tough battle against former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who eventually clinched the nomination. Sanders was an outspoken critic of money in politics and captured the allegiance of those who wanted universal higher education and health care. 3. Michael Phelps AP Photo/Michael Sohn After finishing up the 2016 Olympic games with a grand total of 28 medals — 23 of them gold — Michael Phelps said he's officially retired from professional swimming. His teammates don't believe he's actually done, but Phelps said at the time that he's just "ready for something different." 2. Hillary Clinton REUTERS/Chris Keane The democratic presidential nominee and former Secretary of State was the heavy favorite to win the 2016 presidential election, leading in every national poll before the race. But Republican nominee Donald Trump won the election by clinching the electoral college vote (although Clinton won the popular vote nationwide). 1. Donald Trump AP Donald Trump ran for president on a platform of cleaning up Washington and bringing jobs back to the US, a message that resonated with those who were hoping for change. Trump won the election in November and will take office on January 20. Searches 10. Hillary Clinton Getty/Justin Sullivan The 2016 election was fraught with scandal, Hillary Clinton's email servers and handling of the Benghazi situation being frequent topics of conversation. The Democratic nominee has since blamed FBI director James Comey for her defeat in November after Comey reopened his examination of the email server just days before the election. 9. Election "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver"/HBO; YouTube The 2016 election will likely go down as one of the most scandalous and divisive elections in US history, resulting in widespread protests and speculation of hacking and election fraud in the days following Trump's win. 8. Trump Getty/ Sara D. Davis Donald Trump has spent the weeks following his election meeting with potential cabinet members and setting up plans to take office in a little more than a month. The president-elect met with President Obama in November to discuss the transfer of power and foreign and domestic policy. 7. David Bowie Jo Hale/ Getty Images In January, legendary musician David Bowie died of cancer at age 69. The beloved British rocker was known for his flamboyant persona, Ziggy Stardust, and left behind a new album, "Blackstar," which was released only a few days after his death. 6. Olympics David Ramos/Getty Images Despite concerns that Rio wasn't ready to host the 2016 Olympics, the games went off mostly without a hitch — unless you count pool water that turned bright green and one faked robbery. The US women's gymnastics team dominated the competition, winning team gold and several individual gold medals between them. 5. Slither.io Slither.io A fresh take on the old cell phone game "Snake," Slither.io topped App Store charts this year. The addictive game unseated Snapchat as the top free app, winning over fans by being simple, easy to play, and entertaining. 4. Pokémon Go Reuters Pokémon Go took over the world this summer, winning over fans of the original "Pokémon" and new players who traversed city streets, parks, and even national cemeteries to catch Pokémon. The free app quickly became the most popular mobile game in history. 3. Hurricane Matthew Joe Raedle/Getty Images Hurricane Matthew hit the Caribbean and Southeast US in October, devastating island nations like Haiti and knocking out power for more than 400,000 people on the East Coast. The storm caused beach erosion, flooding, and was responsible for at least four deaths in the US and hundreds in Haiti. 2. Prince Jonathan Daniel/Getty Images Prince died in April at the age of 57. While the cause of death wasn't announced at the time, it was later reported that Prince was suffering from an opiod addiction and was found with the prescription drug Percocet in his system and at his home. 1. Powerball Justin Sullivan/Getty Images It was a year of massive, million-dollar Powerball drawings. In January, the Powerball reached $1.5 billion, a record amount that was won by three people in California, Florida, and Tennessee. In May, the ninth-largest US lottery prize in history was awarded in New Jersey when the payout reached $429.6 million. SEE ALSO: These are the top 100 books of the year, according to Google More: Features Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Powerball The US military put a fake Chinese J-20 stealth fighter at a Georgia airbase Man Leaves '20-Year-Old’ Dog At The Shelter, Vet Realizes Something Isn’t Right Bukisa Travel Destinations That Will Be Huge in 2019 Santander If Your Dog Eats Grass (Do This Everyday) Ultimate Pet Nutrition 27 Ridiculous Photos Taken In The Gym That Are Hilarious NinjaJournalist How Do You Say Wow In Russian? 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All rights reserved. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service , Privacy Policy and Cookies Policy . Sitemap Disclaimer Commerce Policy Coupons Made in NYC Stock quotes by finanzen.net International Editions: INTL DE AUS FR IN IT JP MY NL SE PL SG ZA ES Page semi-protected Wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the online encyclopedia. For Wikipedia's home page, see Wikipedia's Main Page. For Wikipedia's visitor introduction, see Wikipedia's About Page. For other uses, see Wikipedia (disambiguation). "The Free Encyclopedia" redirects here. For other encyclopedias, see Lists of encyclopedias. Wikipedia A white sphere made of large jigsaw pieces, with letters from several alphabets shown on the pieces Wikipedia wordmark The logo of Wikipedia, a globe featuring glyphs from several writing systems Screenshot Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 303 languages Owner Wikimedia Foundation Created by Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger[1] Website wikipedia.org Alexa rank Steady 5 (Global, December 2018) Commercial No Registration Optional[notes 1] Users >309,295 active users[notes 2] and >79,200,476 registered users Launched January 15, 2001; 17 years ago Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 3.0 Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL; media licensing varies Written in LAMP platform[2] OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia (/ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/ (About this soundlisten), /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdiə/ (About this soundlisten) WIK-ih-PEE-dee-ə) is a multilingual, web-based, free encyclopedia based on a model of openly editable and viewable content, a wiki. It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web,[3][4][5] and is one of the most popular websites by Alexa rank.[6] It is owned and supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that operates on money it receives from donors.[7][8][9] Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.[10] Sanger coined its name,[11][12] as a portmanteau of wiki[notes 3] and "encyclopedia". Initially an English-language encyclopedia, versions in other languages were quickly developed. With 5,769,560 articles,[notes 4] the English Wikipedia is the largest of the more than 290 Wikipedia encyclopedias. Overall, Wikipedia comprises more than 40 million articles in 301 different languages[14] and by February 2014 it had reached 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors per month.[15] In 2005, Nature published a peer review comparing 42 science articles from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia and found that Wikipedia's level of accuracy approached that of Britannica.[16] Time magazine stated that the open-door policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the biggest and possibly the best encyclopedia in the world, and was a testament to the vision of Jimmy Wales.[17] Wikipedia has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, for presenting a mixture of "truths, half truths, and some falsehoods",[18] and for being subject to manipulation and spin in controversial topics.[19] In 2017, Facebook announced that it would help readers detect fake news by suitable links to Wikipedia articles. YouTube announced a similar plan in 2018.[20] Contents 1 History 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and early growth 1.3 Milestones 2 Openness 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 3 Policies and laws 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 5 Community 5.1 Studies 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions 6.1 English Wikipedia editor decline 7 Reception 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.3 Quality of writing 7.4 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.5 Explicit content 7.6 Privacy 7.7 Sexism 8 Operation 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia movement affiliates 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 9 Access to content 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 10 Cultural impact 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.3 Cultural significance 10.4 Sister projects – Wikimedia 10.5 Publishing 10.6 Research use 11 Related projects 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book reviews and other article 16 External links History Main article: History of Wikipedia Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger Nupedia Main article: Nupedia Logo reading "Nupedia.com the free encyclopedia" in blue with large initial "N" Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called Nupedia Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia, but none were as successful.[21] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.[10] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.[22][23] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but even before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman.[24] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[25][26] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.[27] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[28] External audio The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1, Ideas with Paul Kennedy, CBC, January 15, 2014 Launch and early growth The domains wikipedia.com and wikipedia.org were registered on January 12, 2001[29] and January 13, 2001[30] respectively, and Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001,[10] as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[31] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[25] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[32] was codified in its first months. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[25] Originally, Bomis intended to make Wikipedia a business for profit.[33] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were also created, with a total of 161 by the end of 2004.[34] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the 1408 Yongle Encyclopedia, which had held the record for almost 600 years.[35] Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Wikipedia, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[36] These moves encouraged Wales to announce that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and to change Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.[37] Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of new articles and of contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.[38] Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.[39] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.[40] Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "low-hanging fruit"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.[41][42][43] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid (Spain) found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.[44][45] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.[46] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study.[47] Two years later, in 2011, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".[48] A 2013 article titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" in MIT's Technology Review questioned this claim. The article revealed that since 2007, Wikipedia had lost a third of the volunteer editors who update and correct the online encyclopedia and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae.[49] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators is also in decline.[50] In the November 25, 2013, issue of New York magazine, Katherine Ward stated "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis".[51] Wikipedia blackout protest against SOPA on January 18, 2012 File:Wikipedia Edit 2014.webm A promotional video of the Wikimedia Foundation that encourages viewers to edit Wikipedia, mostly reviewing 2014 via Wikipedia content Milestones In January 2007, Wikipedia entered for the first time the top-ten list of the most popular websites in the U.S., according to comScore Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked number 9, surpassing The New York Times (#10) and Apple (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was number 33, with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors.[52] As of March 2015, Wikipedia has rank 5[6][53] among websites in terms of popularity according to Alexa Internet. In 2014, it received 8 billion pageviews every month.[54] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia has 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore."[15] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours.[55] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced Wikipedia content.[56][57] The Wikipedia Page on December 17, 2001 Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stigmergic accumulation".[58][59] On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth flattened, but that it "had lost nearly 10 per cent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by 12 per cent, those of German version slid by 17 per cent and the Japanese version lost 9 per cent."[60] Varma added that, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."[60] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Security indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."[60] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked fifth in the most popular websites globally.[61] Openness Number of English Wikipedia articles[62] Wikipedia editors with >100 edits per month[62] Differences between versions of an article are highlighted as shown Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the procrastination principle[notes 5][63] regarding the security of its content.[63] It started almost entirely open—anyone could create articles, and any Wikipedia article could be edited by any reader, even those who did not have a Wikipedia account. Modifications to all articles would be published immediately. As a result, any article could contain inaccuracies such as errors, ideological biases, and nonsensical or irrelevant text. Restrictions Due to the increasing popularity of Wikipedia, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions in some cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.[64] On the English Wikipedia, among others, some particularly controversial, sensitive and/or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to some degree.[65][66] A frequently vandalized article can be semi-protected or extended confirmed protected, meaning that only autoconfirmed or extended confirmed editors are able to modify it.[67] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators are able to make changes.[68] In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles,[69] which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.[70] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.[71] The editing interface of Wikipedia Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed, the software that powers Wikipedia provides certain tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. The "History" page of each article links to each revision.[notes 6][72] On most articles, anyone can undo others' changes by clicking a link on the article's history page. Anyone can view the latest changes to articles, and anyone may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of any changes. "New pages patrol" is a process whereby newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.[73] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favor "creative construction" over "creative destruction".[74] Vandalism Main article: Vandalism on Wikipedia Any change or edit that manipulates content in a way that purposefully compromises the integrity of Wikipedia is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor. Vandalism can also include advertising and other types of spam.[75] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an article, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the underlying code of an article, or use images disruptively.[76] White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium. American journalist John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), subject of the Seigenthaler incident Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes.[77][78] However, some vandalism takes much longer to repair.[79] In the Seigenthaler biography incident, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005. Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[79] The article remained uncorrected for four months.[79] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.[80][81] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".[79] This incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia, specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.[82] Policies and laws External video Jimbo at Fosdem cropped.jpg Wikimania, 60 Minutes, CBS, 20 minutes, April 5, 2015, co-founder Jimmy Wales at Fosdem Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, copyright laws) of the United States and of the U.S. state of Virginia, where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the "five pillars" and in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. Even these rules are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines.[83] Editors can enforce these rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.[69] Content policies and guidelines According to the rules on the English Wikipedia, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-like.[84] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability",[85] which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.[86] It must not present original research. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source. Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.[87] This can at times lead to the removal of information that, though valid, is not properly sourced.[88] Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.[89] All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy an appropriate share of coverage within an article. This is known as neutral point of view (NPOV). Governance Further information: Wikipedia:Administration Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time.[90][91] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.[92] Wikipedia's contributors avoid a tragedy of the commons (behaving contrary to the common good) by internalizing benefits. They do this by experiencing flow (i.e., energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment) and identifying with and gaining status in the Wikipedia community.[93] Administrators Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship: this begins with "administrator",[94][95] privileged users who can delete pages, prevent articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes (setting protective measures on articles), and try to prevent certain persons from editing. Despite the name, administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).[96][97] Fewer editors become administrators than in years past, in part because the process of vetting potential Wikipedia administrators has become more rigorous.[98] Bureaucrats name new administrators, solely upon the recommendations from the community. Dispute resolution Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content, which may result in repeatedly making opposite changes to an article, known as edit warring.[99][100] Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process to assist in such circumstances. In order to determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums,[notes 7] or seek outside input through third opinion requests or by initiating a more general community discussion known as a request for comment. Arbitration Committee Main article: Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,[101] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). Its remedies include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and anti-social behavior. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-consensus or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to warnings.[102] Community Main article: Wikipedia community File:Wikimania - the Wikimentary.webm Video of Wikimania 2005 – an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, was held in Frankfurt am Main, Germany from August 4 to 8. Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated "Talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.[103] File:Editing Hoxne Hoard at the British Museum.ogv Wikipedians and British Museum curators collaborate on the article Hoxne Hoard in June 2010 Wikipedia's community has been described as cult-like,[104] although not always with entirely negative connotations.[105] The project's preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials, has been referred to as "anti-elitism".[106] Wikipedians sometimes award one another virtual barnstars for good work. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work.[107] Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.[108] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked on the project.[109] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".[110] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, 1 percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."[111] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.[112] The English Wikipedia has 5,769,560 articles, 35,240,235 registered editors, and 135,548 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past thirty days. Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".[113] Editors who do not log in are in some sense second-class citizens on Wikipedia,[113] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",[114] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. Studies A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia [...] are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".[115] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "(I)t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the users... 524 people... And in fact the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."[110] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most content in Wikipedia (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".[110] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,[116][117] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.[118] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content".[119] Diversity Several studies have shown that most of the Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13% of Wikipedia editors were female.[120] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage females to become Wikipedia contributors. Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown, gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.[121] Andrew Lih, a professor and scientist, wrote in The New York Times that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly, is because identifying as a feminist may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior."[122] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.[123] Language editions Main article: List of Wikipedias There are currently 301 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions, or simply Wikipedias). Fifteen of these have over one million articles each (English, Cebuano, Swedish, German, Dutch, French, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Waray-Waray, Polish, Vietnamese, Japanese, Chinese and Portuguese), four more have over 500,000 articles (Ukrainian, Persian, Catalan and Arabic), 40 more have over 100,000 articles, and 78 more have over 10,000 articles.[124][125] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 5.7 million articles. As of September 2017, according to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English Wikipedia) receives approximately 57% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Russian: 7%; Spanish: 6%; Japanese: 6%; Chinese: 5%).[6] As of December 2018, the six largest language editions are (in order of article count) the English, Cebuano, Swedish, German, French, and Dutch Wikipedias.[126][notes 8] Distribution of the 49,260,788 articles in different language editions (as of 20 December 2018)[127] English (11.7%) Cebuano (10.9%) Swedish (7.6%) German (4.6%) French (4.2%) Dutch (4%) Russian (3.1%) Spanish (3%) Italian (3%) Polish (2.7%) Waray (2.6%) Vietnamese (2.4%) Japanese (2.3%) Chinese (2.1%) Other (35.8%) Logarithmic graph of the 20 largest language editions of Wikipedia (as of 20 December 2018)[128] (millions of articles) 0.1 0.3 1 3 English 5,769,560 Cebuano 5,377,377 Swedish 3,762,753 German 2,249,536 French 2,065,653 Dutch 1,952,022 Russian 1,515,733 Spanish 1,494,482 Italian 1,486,003 Polish 1,312,372 Waray 1,263,450 Vietnamese 1,197,560 Japanese 1,132,607 Chinese 1,036,454 Portuguese 1,012,546 Ukrainian 874,732 Persian 650,602 Arabic 640,383 Serbian 613,445 Catalan 598,125 The unit for the numbers in bars is articles. A graph for pageviews of Turkish Wikipedia shows a great drop of roughly 80 % immediately after the block of Wikipedia in Turkey was imposed in 2017. Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color)[129] or points of view.[130] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[131][132][133] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[134] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others).[135] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,[136] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[137] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English, even when they meet notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia editions Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those edition do not allow fully automated translation of articles.[138] Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. A study published by PLoS ONE in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the simple English Wikipedia.[139] The Wikimedia Foundation hopes to increase the number of editors in the Global South to 37% by 2015.[140] English Wikipedia editor decline On March 1, 2014, The Economist in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia" cited a trend analysis concerning data published by Wikimedia stating that: "The number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."[141] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five of more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The attrition rates for editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, were cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 editors, which has dropped to 30,000 editors as of the start of 2014. At the quoted trend rate, the number of active editors in English Wikipedia has lost approximately 20,000 editors to attrition since 2007, and the documented trend rate indicates the loss of another 20,000 editors by 2021, down to 10,000 active editors on English Wikipedia by 2021 if left unabated.[141] Given that the trend analysis published in The Economist presents the number of active editors for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as remaining relatively constant and successful in sustaining its numbers at approximately 42,000 active editors, the contrast has pointed to the effectiveness of Wikipedia in other languages to retain its active editors on a renewable and sustained basis.[141] No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively ameliorating substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.[142] Reception See also: Academic studies about Wikipedia and Criticism of Wikipedia Ambox current red.svg This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018) Several Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation, which includes over 50 policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014.[143][144] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black criticized Wikipedia for being a mixture of "truth, half truth, and some falsehoods".[18] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's Undue Weight policy, concluding that the fact that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject and give less attention to minor ones, creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.[145][146][147] Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black noted (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) how articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.[18][148] A 2008 article in Education Next Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin.[19] In 2006, the Wikipedia Watch criticism website listed dozens of examples of plagiarism in the English Wikipedia.[149] Accuracy of content Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are carefully and deliberately written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.[150] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."[16] Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."[151] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica,[152][153] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.[154] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 × 101 articles compared, vs >105 and >106 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).[155] As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.[156] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity,[157] the insertion of false information,[158] vandalism, and similar problems. Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[159] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.[160] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.[161] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[162] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.[163] External video Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry, Deutsche Welle, 7:13 mins[164] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.[72][165] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal, to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.[166] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.'"[166][167][168][169][170] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.[171] A Harvard law textbook, Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".[172] Discouragement in education Most university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[173] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[174][175] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[176] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.[177] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi, although without realizing the articles might change.[178] In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia, along with Google,[179] stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". Medical information See also: Health information on Wikipedia On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."[180] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues, as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer review evaluation process.[180] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."[181] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured.' Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than 1 percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."[181] Quality of writing In 2008, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University found that the quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination.[182] For instance, when contributors rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. Roy Rosenzweig, a history professor, stated that American National Biography Online outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.[183] Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of Abraham Lincoln to that of Civil War historian James McPherson in American National Biography Online, he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's richer contextualization [...] his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice [...] and [...] his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history". While generally praising the article on William Clarke Quantrill, he quoted its conclusion as an example of such "waffling", which then stated: "Some historians [...] remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."[183] Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented, "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 per cent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."[184] A study of Wikipedia articles on cancer was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University. The study was limited to those articles that could be found in the Physician Data Query and excluded those written at the "start" class or "stub" class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Wikipedia's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".[185] The Economist argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".[186] Coverage of topics and systemic bias See also: Notability in the English Wikipedia and Criticism of Wikipedia § Systemic bias in coverage Ambox current red.svg Parts of this article (those related to d:Wikidata:Statistics/Wikipedia) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017) Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.[187] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism).[188][189] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic because Wikipedia is not censored. The policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China,[190] and Pakistan[191] amongst other countries. Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject as of January 2008[192] A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:[192] Culture and the arts: 30% (210%) Biographies and persons: 15% (97%) Geography and places: 14% (52%) Society and social sciences: 12% (83%) History and events: 11% (143%) Natural and physical sciences: 9% (213%) Technology and the applied sciences: 4% (−6%) Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%) Health: 2% (42%) Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%) Thought and philosophy: 1% (160%) These numbers refer only to the quantity of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.[193] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the People and Arts category, while males focus more on Geography and Science.[194] Coverage of topics and selection bias Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven. Africa is most underrepresented.[195] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.[196] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 noted that women porn stars are better covered than women writers as a further example.[197] Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in Cape Town sought to address.[123] Systemic bias When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, systemic bias may arise, due to the demographic backgrounds of the editors. In 2011, Wales noted that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, which predominantly consists of highly educated young males in the developed world (see previously).[48] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors.[49] Systemic bias on Wikipedia may follow that of culture generally, for example favoring certain nationalities, ethnicities or majority religions.[198] It may more specifically follow the biases of Internet culture, inclining to being young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases of its own may include over-emphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.[198] Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford, in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.[199][200] His research examined the counterproductive work behavior of edit warring. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the statistical measurement of detecting "reverting/reverted pairs" or "mutually reverting edit pairs". Such a "mutually reverting edit pair" is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor in the "mutually reverting edit pairs". The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush, Anarchism and Muhammad.[200] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the Oxford study were for the articles covering (i) Croatia, (ii) Scientology and (iii) 9/11 conspiracy theories.[200] Researchers from the Washington University developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact.[201][202] Explicit content See also: Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia and Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information of graphic content. Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as Feces, Cadaver, Human penis, Vulva, and Nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation, illustrations of zoophilia, and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children. The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer—a 1976 album from German heavy metal band Scorpions—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.[203] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.[204][205] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003.[206] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law.[206] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.[207] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,[208] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."[208] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".[209] Critics, including Wikipediocracy, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.[210] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.[211][notes 9] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life ("meatspace"). A particular problem occurs in the case of an individual who is relatively unimportant and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes. In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.[212] Wikipedia has a "Volunteer Response Team" that uses the OTRS system to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.[213] Sexism Main article: Gender bias in Wikipedia Wikipedia has been described as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment.[214][215] The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language are also reasons put forth for the gender gap in Wikipedia editors.[216] In 2014, a female editor who requested a separate space on Wikipedia to discuss improving civility had her proposal referred to by a male editor using the words "the easiest way to avoid being called a cunt is not to act like one".[214] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia movement affiliates Main article: Wikimedia Foundation Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt. Katherine Maher is the third executive director at Wikimedia, following the departure of Lila Tretikov in 2016. Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.[217] The foundation's 2013 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $39.7 million and expenses of almost $29 million, with assets of $37.2 million and liabilities of about $2.3 million.[218] In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.[219] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."[220][221] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (paid advocacy) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities, Walsh said."[220] Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.[222] Maher has stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. Maher stated regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority... (and that correction requires that) it has to be more than words."[223] Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates. These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimédia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. Software operations and support See also: MediaWiki The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system.[224] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed[225] to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. In April 2005, a Lucene extension[226][227] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. The site currently uses Lucene Search 2.1,[228][needs update] which is written in Java and based on Lucene library 2.3.[229] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor, was opened to public use.[230][231][232][233] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".[234] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward. Automated editing Computer programs called bots have been used widely to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.[235][236][237] One controversial contributor massively creating articles with his bot was reported to create up to ten thousand articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.[238] There are also some bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).[239] Edits misidentified by a bot as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot tries to detect and revert vandalism quickly and automatically.[236] Bots can also report edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as was done at the time of the MH17 jet downing incident in July 2014.[240] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved prior to activation.[241] According to Andrew Lih, the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.[242] Hardware operations and support Ambox current red.svg This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017) See also: Wikimedia Foundation § Hardware Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.[243] As of 2008, page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers.[244][needs update] Further statistics, based on a publicly available 3-month Wikipedia access trace, are available.[245] Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers. Twenty database servers talk to hundreds of Apache servers in the backend; the Apache servers talk to fifty squids in the frontend. Overview of system architecture as of December 2010 Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers (mainly Ubuntu).[246][247] As of December 2009, there were 300 in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam.[248] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia.[249][250] Internal research and operational development In accordance with growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in 2013 as recently reported,[49] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.[251] Two of the recent projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and a largely under-utilized "Thank" tab which were developed for the purpose of ameliorating issues of editor attrition, which have met with limited success.[49][234] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.[252] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe and Caballero for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.[252] In 2016, the level of contributions were reported by Bloomberg News as being at $77 million annually, updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.[252] Internal news publications Community-produced news publications include the English Wikipedia's The Signpost, founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, an attorney, Wikipedia administrator and former chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.[253] It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from other Wikimedia projects, such as Wikimedia Commons. Similar publications are the German-language Kurier, and the Portuguese-language Correio da Wikipédia. Other past and present community news publications on English Wikipedia include the "Wikiworld" web comic, the Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors. There are also a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education. Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.[254] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.[255] Because the two licenses, GFDL and Creative Commons, were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. (A new version of the GFDL automatically covers Wikipedia contents.) In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.[256][257][258][259] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.[260] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting service for the contributors (and licensors) of the Wikipedia. This position has been successfully defended in court.[261][262] Methods of access Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside of the Wikipedia website. Websites – Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that republish content from Wikipedia: two prominent ones, that also include content from other reference sources, are Reference.com and Answers.com. Another example is Wapedia, which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did. Mobile apps – A variety of mobile apps provide access to Wikipedia on hand-held devices, including both Android and iOS devices (see Wikipedia apps). (See also Mobile access.) Search engines – Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Bing (via technology gained from Powerset)[263] and DuckDuckGo. Compact discs, DVDs – Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs. An English version, 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2,000 articles.[264][265] The Polish-language version contains nearly 240,000 articles.[266] There are German- and Spanish-language versions as well.[267][268] Also, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedians and SOS Children, is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from Wikipedia targeted around the UK National Curriculum and intended to be useful for much of the English-speaking world.[269] The project is available online; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes. Printed books – There are efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.[270][271] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM.[272] Semantic Web – The website DBpedia, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and the other WMF wikis and make it available in a queriable semantic format, RDF. This is still under development. As of February 2014 it has 15,000,000 items and 1,000 properties for describing them. Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged.[273] Wikipedia publishes "dumps" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2007 there was no dump available of Wikipedia's images.[274] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation, the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk, with an accuracy of 55%.[275] Mobile access See also: Help:Mobile access The mobile version of the English Wikipedia's main page Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry.[15] The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more."[15] The New York Times reports that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.[15] Bloomberg Businessweek reported in July 2014 that Google's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for 2013 with 78.6% of market share over their next closest competitor in iOS with 15.2% of the market.[276] At the time of the Tretikov appointment and her posted web interview with Sue Gardner in May 2014, Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Wikipedia. Directly after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.[221] The latest version of the Android app for Wikipedia was released on July 23, 2014, to generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.[277] The latest version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.[278] Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. In June 2007 Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released,[279] located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices or WebOS-based devices. Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata (See Wikipedia:Metadata), such as geoinformation.[280][281] Wikipedia Zero is an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries.[282] Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smart phones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. Several years running the number of Wikipedia editors has been falling and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.[49] Lih alleges there is serious disagreement among existing contributors how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.[283][284] Cultural impact Trusted source to combat fake news In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. Noam Cohen, writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube’s reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out 'fake news'."[20] Readership Wikipedia is extremely popular. In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia is ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month [...] Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."[15] In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[285] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[286] About 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[287] a good portion of which is related to academic research.[288] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.[289] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[290] In 2011 Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.[291] According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47% of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.[292] Cultural significance Main article: Wikipedia in culture Wikipedia Monument in Słubice, Poland Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[293][294][295] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[296] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[297] – though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.[298] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports.[299] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia.[300] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[301][302] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[303][304][305] In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and Facebook[306]) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. In July 2007 Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[307] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation. On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[308] File:Wikipedia, an introduction - Erasmus Prize 2015.webm Wikipedia, an introduction – Erasmus Prize 2015 Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[309] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[310] Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience.[311] A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford-based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth."[312] In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired, Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values." For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment." Rather than "sapere aude" (lit. 'dare to know'), social networks have led to a culture of "[d]are not to care to know." This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website." Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."[313] Awards Wikipedia team visiting to Parliament of Asturias Wikipedians meeting after the Asturias awards ceremony Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[314] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[315] Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby award. In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"[316] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger.[317] In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,[318] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation.[319] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian language Wikipedia users.[320] The night of the ceremony, members of the Wikimedia Foundation held a meeting with Wikipedians from all parts of Spain, including the local Asturian community. Satire See also: Category:Parodies of Wikipedia. Many parodies target Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".[171] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion,[321] as well as the 2010 The Onion article "'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today".[322] In an episode of the television comedy The Office U.S., which aired in April 2007, an incompetent office manager (Michael Scott) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics in order to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.[323] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.[324] "My Number One Doctor", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs, played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Dr. Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide.[325] In 2008, the comedic website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.[326] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."[327] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.[328] In 2010, comedian Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, Tosh.0, to visit the show's Wikipedia article and edit it at will. On a later episode, he commented on the edits to the article, most of them offensive, which had been made by the audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing.[329][330] On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"[331] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier and a trans woman. In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as an historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place or thing that it has left uncovered, and that he could never have written his last two books without it.[332][333] Sister projects – Wikimedia Main article: Wikimedia project Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary, a dictionary project launched in December 2002,[334] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, Wikimedia Commons, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, Wikinews, for citizen journalism, and Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.[335] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies, is a catalogue of species. In 2012 Wikivoyage, an editable travel guide, and Wikidata, an editable knowledge base, launched. Publishing A group of Wikimedians of the Wikimedia DC chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the US National Archives The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially the printed versions, e.g. Encyclopædia Britannica, which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.[336][337][338] Nicholas Carr wrote a 2005 essay, "The amorality of Web 2.0", that criticized websites with user-generated content, like Wikipedia, for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote: "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."[339] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. For instance, Chris Anderson, the editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of crowds" approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals, with their rigorous peer review process.[340] There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Wikipedia on the biography publishing business. "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" said Kathryn Hughes, professor of life writing at UEA and author of The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton and George Eliot: the Last Victorian.[341] Research use Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics, information retrieval and natural language processing. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification",[342] and to the related problem of word sense disambiguation.[343] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.[344] In 2015, French researchers Dr José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.[345][346][347] They used PageRank "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)."[347] A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used on Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.[348][349] Related projects A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.[350] Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2),[351] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE).[352] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, Hudong, and Baidu Baike likewise employ no formal review process, although some like Conservapedia are not as open. Others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.[353][354] This is a good article. Follow the link for more information. Page protected with pending changes Sergey Brin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Mikhaylovich and the family name is Brin. Sergey Brin Sergey Brin cropped.jpg Sergey Brin in 2008 Born Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин August 21, 1973 (age 45) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Residence Los Altos, California, U.S. Citizenship United States (since 1979) Soviet Union (1973–1979) Alma mater University of Maryland (BS) Stanford University (MS) Occupation Computer scientistInternet entrepreneur Known for Co-founding Google and X Salary One-dollar salary[1] Net worth US$50.6 billion (October 2018)[2] Title President of Alphabet Inc. Spouse(s) Anne Wojcicki (m. 2007; div. 2015) Children Two Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Russian: Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) is an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google. Brin is the President of Google's parent company Alphabet Inc. As of October 2018, Brin is the 13th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$50.6 billion.[3] Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6. He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Maryland, College Park, following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps by studying mathematics, as well as computer science. After graduation, he enrolled in Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science. There he met Page, with whom he later became friends. They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin's data mining system to build a web search engine. The program became popular at Stanford, and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in Susan Wojcicki's garage in Menlo Park.[4] The Economist referred to Brin as an "Enlightenment Man", and as someone who believes that "knowledge is always good, and certainly always better than ignorance", a philosophy that is summed up by Google's mission statement, "Organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[5][6] and its unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto, "Don't be evil".[7] Through his 8 year marriage to Anne Wojcicki, the founder of 23andme, he was the brother-in-law of Susan Wojcicki, the CEO of YouTube.[8] Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Search engine development 3 Other interests 4 Censorship of Google in China 5 Personal life 6 Awards and accolades 6.1 2002–2009 6.2 2009–present 7 Filmography 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life and education Brin was born in Moscow in the Soviet Union,[9] to Russian Jewish parents, Yevgenia and Mikhail Brin, both graduates of Moscow State University (MSU).[10][11] His father is a mathematics professor at the University of Maryland, and his mother a researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[9][12][13] The Brin family lived in a three-room apartment in central Moscow, which they also shared with Sergey's paternal grandmother.[12] In "The Story of Sergey Brin", Brin told Mark Malseed of Moment magazine, "I've known for a long time that my father wasn't able to pursue the career he wanted", but Brin only picked up the details years later after they had settled in the United States. In 1977, after his father returned from a mathematics conference in Warsaw, Poland, Mikhail Brin announced that it was time for the family to emigrate. "We cannot stay here any more", he told his wife and mother. At the conference, he was able to "mingle freely with colleagues from the United States, France, England and Germany and discovered that his intellectual brethren in the West were not 'monsters.'" He added, "I was the only one in the family who decided it was really important to leave."[12] Sergey's mother was less willing to leave their home in Moscow, where they had spent their entire lives. Malseed writes, "For Genia, the decision ultimately came down to Sergey. While her husband admits he was thinking as much about his own future as his son's, for her, 'it was 80/20' about Sergey." They formally applied for their exit visa in September 1978, and as a result his father was "promptly fired". For related reasons, his mother had to leave her job. For the next eight months, without any steady income, they were forced to take on temporary jobs as they waited, afraid their request would be denied as it was for many refuseniks. During this time his parents shared responsibility for looking after him and his father taught himself computer programming. In May 1979, they were granted their official exit visas and were allowed to leave the country.[12] The Brin family lived in Vienna and Paris while Mikhail Brin secured a teaching position at the University of Maryland with help from Anatole Katok. During this time, the Brin family received support and assistance from the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society. They arrived in the United States on October 25, 1979.[12][14] At an interview in October 2000, Brin said, "I know the hard times that my parents went through there and am very thankful that I was brought to the States."[15] In 2017, Brin later recalled: "I came here to the US at age six with my family from the Soviet Union, which was at that time the greatest enemy the US had... It was a dire period, the cold war, as some people remember it. It was under the threat of nuclear annihilation. And even then the US had the courage to take me and my family in as refugees."[16] In the summer of 1990, a few weeks before his 17th birthday, his father led a group of high school math students, including Sergey, on a two-week exchange program to the Soviet Union. His roommate on the trip was future Carnegie Mellon University computer science professor John Stamper. As Brin recalls, the trip awakened his childhood fear of authority and he remembered that "his first impulse on confronting Soviet oppression had been to throw pebbles at a police car". Malseed adds, "On the second day of the trip, while the group toured a sanatorium in the countryside near Moscow, Brin took his father aside, looked him in the eye and said, 'Thank you for taking us all out of Russia.'"[12] Brin attended elementary school at Paint Branch Montessori School in Adelphi, Maryland, but he received further education at home; his father, a professor in the department of mathematics at the University of Maryland, encouraged him to learn mathematics and his family helped him retain his Russian-language skills. He attended Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Greenbelt, Maryland. In September 1990, Brin enrolled in the University of Maryland, where he received his Bachelor of Science from the Department of Computer Science in 1993 with honors in computer science and mathematics at the age of 19, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences.[17] Brin began his graduate study in computer science at Stanford University on a graduate fellowship from the National Science Foundation. In 1993, he interned at Wolfram Research, the developers of Mathematica.[17] As of 2008, he was on leave from his PhD studies at Stanford.[18] Search engine development During an orientation for new students at Stanford, he met Larry Page. They seemed to disagree on most subjects. But after spending time together, they "became intellectual soul-mates and close friends". Brin's focus was on developing data mining systems while Page's was in extending "the concept of inferring the importance of a research paper from its citations in other papers".[6] Together, the pair authored a paper titled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine".[19] To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones.[20] The new algorithm relied on a new kind of technology that analyzed the relevance of the backlinks that connected one Web page to another, and allowed the number of links and their rank, to determine the rank of the page.[21] Page and Brin Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing Page's dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used to connect the nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network.[20] After filling Page's room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems.[22] Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it required additional servers to process the queries. In August 1996, the initial version of Google was made available on the Stanford Web site.[20] By early 1997, the BackRub page described the state as follows: The mathematical website interlinking that the PageRank algorithm facilitates, illustrated by size-percentage correlation of the circles. The algorithm was named after Page himself. Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996) Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes ... BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra series II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks. - Larry Page page@cs.stanford.edu[23] BackRub already exhibited the rudimentary functions and characteristics of a search engine: a query input was entered and it provided a list of backlinks ranked by importance. Page recalled: "We realized that we had a querying tool. It gave you a good overall ranking of pages and ordering of follow-up pages."[24] Page said that in mid-1998 they finally realized the further potential of their project: "Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day. And we figured, maybe this is really real."[22] Some compared Page and Brin's vision to the impact of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing: In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg introduced Europe to the mechanical printing press, printing Bibles for mass consumption. The technology allowed for books and manuscripts‍—‌originally replicated by hand‍—‌to be printed at a much faster rate, thus spreading knowledge and helping to usher in the European Renaissance ... Google has done a similar job.[25] The comparison was also noted by the authors of The Google Story: "Not since Gutenberg ... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google."[26] Also, not long after the two "cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information that was at the time beyond the web," such as digitizing books and expanding health information.[22] Other interests Brin is working on other, more personal projects that reach beyond Google. For example, he and Page are trying to help solve the world's energy and climate problems at Google's philanthropic arm, Google.org, which invests in the alternative energy industry to find wider sources of renewable energy. The company acknowledges that its founders want "to solve really big problems using technology".[27] In October 2010, for example, they invested in a major offshore wind power development to assist the East coast power grid,[28] which will eventually become one of about a dozen offshore wind farms that are proposed for the region.[29] A week earlier they introduced a car that, with "artificial intelligence", can drive itself using video cameras and radar sensors.[27] In the future, drivers of cars with similar sensors would have fewer accidents. These safer vehicles could therefore be built lighter and require less fuel consumption.[30] They are trying to get companies to create innovative solutions to increasing the world's energy supply.[31] He is an investor in Tesla Motors,[32] which has developed the Tesla Roadster (2008), a 244-mile (393 km) range battery electric vehicle as well as the Tesla Model S, a 265-mile (426 km) range battery electric vehicle. In 2004, he and Page were named "Persons of the Week" by ABC World News Tonight. In January 2005 he was nominated to be one of the World Economic Forum's "Young Global Leaders". In June 2008, Brin invested $4.5 million in Space Adventures, the Virginia-based space tourism company. His investment will serve as a deposit for a reservation on one of Space Adventures' proposed flights in 2011. Space Adventures, the only company that sends tourists to space, has sent five of them so far.[33] Brin and Page jointly own a customized Boeing 767-200 and a Dornier Alpha Jet,[34] and pay $1.3 million a year to house them and two Gulfstream V jets owned by Google executives at Moffett Federal Airfield. The aircraft have had scientific equipment installed by NASA to allow experimental data to be collected in flight.[35][36] In 2012, Brin has been involved with the Project Glass program and has demoed eyeglass prototypes. Project Glass is a research and development program by Google to develop an augmented reality head-mounted display (HMD).[37] The intended purpose of Project Glass products would be the hands-free displaying of information currently available to most smartphone users,[38] and allowing for interaction with the Internet via natural language voice commands.[39] Brin was also involved in the Google driverless car project. In September 2012, at the signing of the California Driverless Vehicle Bill,[40] Brin predicted that within five years, robotic cars will be available to the general public.[41] Brin is a supporter of lab-grown meat and kite-energy systems.[42][43] The Economist magazine describes Brin's approach to life, like Page's, as based on a vision summed up by Google's motto, "of making all the world's information 'universally accessible and useful'". Censorship of Google in China Further information: Censorship in the People's Republic of China Remembering his youth and his family's reasons for leaving the Soviet Union, Brin "agonized over Google's decision to appease the Communist government of China by allowing it to censor search engine results", but in the end he felt that the Chinese people would still be better off having Google available.[6] On January 12, 2010, Senior Vice President of Corporate Development, David Drummond issued a statement on Google's Official Blog that it would no longer agree to censor its search engine in China and may exit the country altogether. In the statement he reveals that the company was investigating a massive cyber attack originating in China against Google and many other tech companies that had begun a month earlier.[44] On Jan 14, The Washington Post reported that "according to congressional and industry sources", "[a]t least 34 companies -- including Yahoo, Symantec, Adobe, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemical -- were attacked" in a coordinated program.[45] In his statement, Drummond reported that the attack on Google had resulted in the theft of intellectual property and that the evidence suggested "a primary goal of the attackers was accessing the Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists." He said Google believed they had not succeeded: "Only two Gmail accounts appear to have been accessed, and that activity was limited to account information (such as the date the account was created) and subject line, rather than the content of emails themselves." On April 19, 2010, the New York Times reported that the stolen intellectual property was "one of Google's crown jewels": the password system, code named Gaia, that allows its users access to virtually all of Google's web services with a single login. The attack did not access any passwords.[46] In late March 2010, Google officially discontinued its China-based search engine while keeping its uncensored Hong Kong site in operation. Speaking for Google, Brin stated during an interview, "One of the reasons I am glad we are making this move in China is that the China situation was really emboldening other countries to try and implement their own firewalls."[47] During another interview with Der Spiegel, he added, "For us it has always been a discussion about how we can best fight for openness on the Internet. We believe that this is the best thing that we can do for preserving the principles of the openness and freedom of information on the Internet."[48] Senator Byron Dorgan stated that Google's decision was "a strong step in favor of freedom of expression and information." And Congressman Bob Goodlatte said, "I applaud Google for its courageous step to stop censoring search results on Google.cn. Google has drawn a line in the sand and is shining a light on the very dark area of individual liberty restrictions in China."[49] From the business perspective, many recognize that the move is likely to affect Google's profits. The New Republic adds that "Google seems to have arrived at the same link that was obvious to Andrei Sakharov: the one between science and freedom," referring to the move as "heroism".[50] Personal life Brin in 2005 at the Web 2.0 Conference In May 2007, Brin married biotech analyst and entrepreneur Anne Wojcicki in the Bahamas.[51][52] They had a son in late 2008 and a daughter in late 2011.[53] In August 2013, it was announced that Brin and his wife were living separately after Brin had an extramarital affair with Google Glass's marketing director.[54][55][56] In June 2015, Brin and Wojcicki finalized their divorce.[57] Brin's mother, Eugenia, has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In 2008, he decided to make a donation to the University of Maryland School of Medicine, where his mother is being treated.[58] Brin used the services of 23andMe and discovered that although Parkinson's is generally not hereditary, both he and his mother possess a mutation of the LRRK2 gene (G2019S) that puts the likelihood of him developing Parkinson's in later years between 20% and 80%.[6] When asked whether ignorance was not bliss in such matters, he stated that his knowledge means that he can now take measures to ward off the disease. An editorial in The Economist magazine states that "Mr Brin regards his mutation of LRRK2 as a bug in his personal code, and thus as no different from the bugs in computer code that Google’s engineers fix every day. By helping himself, he can therefore help others as well."[6] Brin and Wojcicki, although divorced, still jointly run The Brin Wojcicki Foundation.[59] They have donated extensively to The Michael J. Fox Foundation and in 2009 gave $1 million to support the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society.[14] Politically, Brin is a Democrat, having donated money to Barack Obama's re-election campaign and to the DNC.[60] Awards and accolades 2002–2009 In 2002, Brin, along with Larry Page, was named the MIT Technology Review TR100, as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.[61] In 2003, both Brin and Page received an honorary MBA from IE Business School "for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses...".[62] In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation Prize, the "Highest Award in Engineering", and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. "In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today." In 2003, Brin and Page were both Award Recipients and National Finalists for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award [63] In 2004, Brin received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award with Larry Page at a ceremony in Chicago, Illinois.[64] 2009–present In November 2009, Forbes decided Brin and Page were the fifth most powerful people in the world.[65] Earlier that same year, in February, Brin was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering, which is "among the highest professional distinctions accorded to an engineer ... [and] honors those who have made outstanding contributions to engineering research, practice...". He was selected specifically, "for leadership in development of rapid indexing and retrieval of relevant information from the World Wide Web".[66] In their "Profiles" of Fellows, the National Science Foundation included a number of earlier awards: he was a featured speaker at the World Economic Forum and the Technology, Entertainment and Design Conference. ... PC Magazine has praised Google in the Top 100 Web Sites and Search Engines (1998) and awarded Google the Technical Excellence Award, for Innovation in Web Application Development in 1999. In 2000, Google earned a Webby Award, a People's Voice Award for technical achievement, and in 2001, was awarded Outstanding Search Service, Best Image Search Engine, Best Design, Most Webmaster Friendly Search Engine, and Best Search Feature at the Search Engine Watch Awards.[67] As of October 2018, Brin is the 13th-richest person in the world according to Forbes, with an estimated net worth of US$50.5 billion.[3] Filmography Year Title Role 2013 The Internship Himself (cameo) See also List of Jews born in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union References "9 top executives with $1 salaries". CNN Money. August 6, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2015. "Profile Sergey Brin". Forbes. "Sergey Brin profile". Forbes. Retrieved January 24, 2018. "Larry Page and Sergey Brin paid $1,700 a month to rent the garage where Google was born". Business Insider. Business Insider. Retrieved 17 October 2018. "Google's Mission". Google. "Enlightenment Man". The Economist. December 6, 2008. 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Google: Corporations That Changed the World, Greenwood Publishing Group (2008) Weinberger, Matt. ""Outraged by this order" — here's the speech Google cofounder Sergey Brin just gave attacking Trump's immigration ban". Business Insider. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Brin, Sergey (January 7, 1997). "Resume". Retrieved March 9, 2008. "Sergey Brin: Executive Profile & Biography". Business Week. Retrieved March 9, 2008. He is currently on leave from the PhD program in computer science at Stanford university... Brin, S.; Page, L. (1998). "The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine" (PDF). Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 30: 107–17. doi:10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X. ISSN 0169-7552. John Battelle (August 13, 2005). "The Birth of Google". Wired. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved February 12, 2018. Moschovitis Group. The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2005. "Enlightenment man". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 December 2008. 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Helft, Miguel (October 23, 2008). "Dornier Alpha Jet for Google's Founders". New York Times. Helft, Miguel (September 13, 2007). "Google Founders' Ultimate Perk: A NASA Runway". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2007. Kopytoff, Verne (September 13, 2007). "Google founders pay NASA $1.3 million to land at Moffett Airfield". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 13, 2007. Goldman, David (April 4, 2012). "Google unveils 'Project Glass' virtual-reality glasses". Money. CNN. Albanesius, Chloe (April 4, 2012). "Google 'Project Glass' Replaces the Smartphone With Glasses". PC Magazine. Hubbard, Amy (April 6, 2012). "Sergey Brin wears Project Glass; Google specs spur fear, punch lines". LA Times. Retrieved September 19, 2012. "California Legislature Approves Driverless Vehicle Bill – Senator Padilla's Legislation Establishes Performance and Safety Standards | Senator Alex Padilla". sd20.senate.ca.gov. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012. "Google's Sergey Brin: You'll ride in robot cars within 5 years | Cutting Edge – CNET News". CNET News. San Francisco: CBS. Retrieved October 31, 2012. "Google and Wind Energy: Acquisition of Makani Kite Power", Peak Oil. Adario Strange, "Google co-founder Sergey Brin backs lab-grown beef", Dvice.com, August 5, 2013. "Official Google Blog: A new approach to China". Official Google Blog. "Google China cyberattack part of vast espionage campaign, experts say", The Washington Post, January 14, 2010 "Cyberattack on Google Said to Hit Password System", New York Times, April 19, 2010. "Brin Drove Google to Pull Back in China" Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2010. "Google Co-Founder on Pulling out of China", Der Spiegel, March 30, 2010. "Goodlatte Statement in Support of Google's Decision to Stop Censoring in China". Bob Goodlatte. March 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. "Don't Be Evil", "The Heroism of Google", The New Republic, April 21, 2010 Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (May 13, 2007). "Amy Argetsinger and Roxanne Roberts – Oprah Winfrey's Degrees of Communication at Howard". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2007. "Anne Wojcicki Marries the Richest Bachelor". Cosmetic Makovers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. "The Way I Work: Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe". Inc.com. Liz Gannes, "Google Co-Founder Sergey Brin and 23andMe Co-Founder Anne Wojcicki Have Split", All Things Digital, August 28, 2013 Alan Farnham, "Google: Men Apparently Do Make Passes At Girls Who Wear Glasses", ABC News, September 3, 2013. Grigoriadis, Vanessa. "Sergey Brin and Amanda Rosenberg: Inside the Google Co-Founder's Romance with the Google Glass Marketing Manager". Vanities. Grigoriadis, Vanessa. "Sergey Brin and Amanda Rosenberg: Inside the Google Co-Founder's Romance with the Google Glass Marketing Manager". Vanities. Retrieved 2018-08-10. Helft, Miguel (September 19, 2008). "Google Co-Founder Has Genetic Code Linked to Parkinson's". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2008. "Dynamodata". Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. https://www.opensecrets.org/search?q=Sergey+Brin&type=donors "2002 Young Innovators Under 35: Sergey Brin, 28". Technology Review. 2002. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Brin and Page Awarded MBAs, Press Release, September 9, 2003 "15 Local Business Leaders Receive Awards for Their Success in Business And The Community." 15 Local Business Leaders Receive Awards for Their Success in Business... PR NewsWire, 23 June 2003. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. [1] "Academy Achievement Golden Plate". Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. "The World's Most Powerful People: #5 Sergey Brin and Larry Page" Forbes, November 11, 2009 National Academy of Engineering, Press Release, February 6, 2009 National Science Foundation Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Fellow Profiles External links Sergey Brin at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Sergey Brin on Google＋ Sergey Brin at TED Edit this at Wikidata Appearances on C-SPAN Sergey Brin on Charlie Rose Sergey Brin on IMDb "Sergey Brin collected news and commentary". The Guardian. Edit this at Wikidata "Sergey Brin collected news and commentary". The New York Times. Profile: Sergey Brin at BBC News Sergey Brin at Forbes Sergey Brin at Bloomberg L.P. 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the car manufacturer. For other uses, see Tesla. "Tesla Motors" redirects here. For Nikola Tesla's motors, see induction motor and AC motor. Tesla, Inc. Tesla Motors.svg Tesla Visit 3 (9267529364).jpg Tesla's headquarters in Palo Alto Formerly Tesla Motors, Inc. (2003–2017) Type Public Traded as NASDAQ: TSLA NASDAQ-100 component Russell 1000 component ISIN US88160R1014 Industry Automotive Energy storage Founded July 1, 2003; 15 years ago[1] Founders Martin Eberhard Marc Tarpenning Elon Musk[a] J. B. Straubel[a] Ian Wright[a] Headquarters Palo Alto, California, U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Robyn Denholm (chair) Elon Musk (CEO) J. B. Straubel (CTO) Deepak Ahuja (CFO) Jerome Guillen (president of automotive) Products Electric vehicles Tesla Energy Production output Increase 101,312 vehicles (2017) Revenue Increase US$11.759 billion (2017) Operating income Decrease US$-1.632 billion (2017) Net income Decrease US$−1.961 billion (2017) Total assets Increase US$28.655 billion (2017) Total equity Decrease US$4.237 billion (2017) Owner Elon Musk (21.9%)[3] Number of employees 45,000[4] (2018) Subsidiaries SolarCity Tesla Grohmann Automation Website tesla.com Footnotes / references [5][6] Coordinates: 37.3947057°N 122.1503251°W Tesla's financial performance Tesla's paid-in capital makes up the accumulated deficit to maintain its operation Tesla, Inc. (formerly Tesla Motors, Inc.) is an American automotive and energy company based in Palo Alto, California.[7] The company specializes in electric car manufacturing and, through its SolarCity subsidiary, solar panel manufacturing. It operates multiple production and assembly plants, notably Gigafactory 1 near Reno, Nevada, and its main vehicle manufacturing facility at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. As of June 2018, Tesla sells the Model S, Model X and Model 3 vehicles, Powerwall and Powerpack batteries, solar panels, solar roof tiles, and some related products. Tesla was founded in July 2003, by engineers Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, under the name Tesla Motors. The company's name was derived from physicist Nikola Tesla. In early Series A funding, Tesla Motors was joined by Elon Musk, J. B. Straubel and Ian Wright, all of whom are retrospectively allowed to call themselves co-founders of the company. Musk, who formerly served as chairman and is the current chief executive officer, said that he envisioned Tesla Motors as a technology company and independent automaker, aimed at eventually offering electric cars at prices affordable to the average consumer. Tesla Motors shortened its name to Tesla in February 2017. Contents 1 History 1.1 Original roadster and private funding 1.2 IPO, Model S, and Model X 1.3 SolarCity acquisition 1.4 Model 3 rollout 1.5 2018 consideration of taking Tesla private 1.6 Production and sales 2 Strategy 3 Sales 3.1 US dealership disputes 3.2 Used vehicles 4 Technology 4.1 Batteries 4.1.1 Motors 4.2 Autopilot 4.3 Glass 5 Vehicle models 5.1 Model S 5.2 Model X 5.3 Model 3 5.4 2020 Roadster 5.5 Tesla Semi 5.6 Model Y 5.7 Planned models 5.7.1 Battery products 6 Charging 6.1 Supercharger network 6.2 Destination charging location network 7 Facilities 7.1 United States 7.1.1 Factories 7.1.2 Gigafactory 1 7.1.3 Gigafactory 2 7.2 Canada 7.3 Europe 7.4 Asia 7.5 Australia 8 Partners 8.1 Daimler AG 8.1.1 Mercedes-Benz A-Class 8.1.2 Mercedes-Benz B-Class ED 8.1.3 Smart cars 8.2 Toyota 8.2.1 Toyota RAV4 EV 8.2.2 Freightliner electric van 8.3 Panasonic 8.4 Airbnb 8.5 Liberty Mutual 9 Lawsuits and controversies 9.1 Fisker Automotive 9.2 Founder dispute 9.3 Ecotricity 9.4 Top Gear review 9.5 New York Times test drive 9.6 Singapore tax surcharge 9.7 SEC investigations 9.8 SolarCity acquisition shareholder litigation 9.9 Autopilot 2 class-action lawsuit 9.10 Labor practices 9.10.1 Working conditions and injury policies 9.10.2 Illegal workers suit 9.11 Ludicrous limited power output 9.12 Software copyright infringement 9.13 Lawsuit alleging sabotage 9.14 Musk Twitter investigation 10 Product issues 10.1 Recalls 10.2 Crashes and fires 10.3 Maintenance costs, crash rates, and insurance costs 10.4 Delays 10.5 Hacking 10.6 Servicing 11 Lobbying activity 12 Board of directors 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History Main article: History of Tesla, Inc. Original roadster and private funding Tesla Motors was founded by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning on July 1, 2003.[1] In the early days of the company, the two financed its operations before calling for outside funding.[1] Following an early Series A round of funding, the company's board was joined by investors Elon Musk, J. B. Straubel and Ian Wright.[1] A September 2009 lawsuit settling agreement between Eberhard and Tesla Motors allows all five to call themselves founders.[2] The founders were influenced to start the company after GM recalled and destroyed its EV1 electric cars in 2003.[8] The insignia of Tesla as seen on a Tesla Roadster (2008) Sport Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning conceived and founded the company, also funding the company until the Series A round.[9] Musk led the Series A in February 2004, joining the board of directors as its chairman as well as in operational roles. Musk was then the controlling investor in Tesla, providing the large majority of the US$7.5 million round with personal funds. Co-founder Martin Eberhard was the original CEO of Tesla until he was asked to resign in August 2007 by the board of directors.[9][10] Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008 along with co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the CFO and subsequently the Vice-President of Electrical Engineering of the company until 2008. [9][10] Eberhard later filed suit against the company allegedly that current CEO Elon Musk sought to "rewrite history".[2] Tesla began with a sports car aimed at early adopters followed by mainstream and mass market vehicles,[11][12] all serving "as a catalyst to accelerate the day of electric vehicles".[13] Tesla signed a Roadster production contract on July 11, 2005, with Group Lotus to produce "gliders" (complete cars but without powertrain).[14] The Roadster used an AC motor descended directly from Nikola Tesla's original 1882 design.[15] The Tesla Roadster (2008) was the first production automobile to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production EV with a range greater than 200 mi (320 km) per charge.[16] Between 2008 and March 2012, Tesla sold more than 2,250 Roadsters in 31 countries.[17][18][19] Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in August 2011.[20] In December 2012, Tesla employed almost 3,000 full-time employees.[21][22] As of late 2016, Tesla employed more than 30,000 (25,000 in the US) after acquiring Grohmann and SolarCity.[23] Musk also led Tesla's Series B US$13 million investment round and co-led the third, US$40 million round in May 2006. Tesla's third round included investment from prominent entrepreneurs including Google co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page.[24] The fourth round in May 2007 added another US$45 million. In late 2007, Tesla brought on Michael Marks,[25] and later Ze'ev Drori, to replace Eberhard as CEO.[26] Drori temporarily returned the company to profitability, reducing the company's workforce by about 10%.[27] In October 2008, Musk became CEO and laid off an additional 25% of Tesla's workforce.[26] In December, a fifth round added another US$40 million, avoiding bankruptcy.[28][29] By January 2009, Tesla had raised US$187 million and delivered 147 cars. Musk himself had invested US$70 million.[27][30] In May 2009, Daimler AG acquired an equity stake of less than 10% of Tesla for a reported US$50 million,[31][32] again saving Tesla.[33] Toyota provided a similar amount in 2010.[32] The Tesla obelisk is used to identify the Supercharger network sites in California. In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive US$465 million in low-interest loans from the 2007 US$8 billion Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program by the United States Department of Energy.[34] The funding came in 2010 and supported engineering and production of the Model S, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology.[34] IPO, Model S, and Model X On June 29, 2010, Tesla launched its initial public offering (IPO) on NASDAQ. 13,300,000 shares of common stock were issued to the public at a price of US$17.00 per share.[35] The IPO raised US$226 million.[36] Tesla began shipping its Model S sedan in June 2012.[37] In May 2013, Tesla raised $1.02 billion ($660m from bonds) partially to repay the DOE loans (early[38]) after their first profitable quarter.[39][40] In February 2014 the company sold $2 billion in bonds (to build GigaFactory 1).[40] In August 2015 Tesla sold $738 million in stock (for the Model X)[41] and in May 2016, $1.46 billion in stock ($1.26 billion for the Model 3).[42] As of January 29, 2016, Musk owned about 28.9 million Tesla shares, or about 22% of the total.[43][44] Tesla began shipping the Model X crossover SUV in September 2015.[45] Global sales of the Model S reached 100,000 in December 2015.[46] Tesla's vehicles and operations are eligible for various forms of federal and state subsidy, which it was estimated in 2015 amounted to at least $30,000 for each vehicle sold, or cumulatively $4.9 billion.[47][48] Tesla stated that its automotive branch had a gross margin of 23.1% as of 2Q 2016, and has generally been above 20%.[49] However, expenditures for expanding future production are bigger than product profit, resulting in a net loss.[50] Notable known owners of Tesla Percentage Owner ~20% Elon Musk Foundation[51] 10.2% T. Rowe Price[51][52][53] 7.7% Baillie Gifford[51][52][53] Fidelity Investments OTC Portfolio mutual fund[52] ~5% Tencent[51] ~5% Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia[54][55] The Vanguard Group[51][52] BlackRock[52] Capital Group Companies[52] Jennison Associates[52] Harris myCFO[52] ~1% Baron Capital[56] 0.48% Government Pension Fund of Norway[57] ~0.1% Kimbal Musk SolarCity acquisition On August 1, 2016, Tesla agreed to acquire SolarCity Corp. for $2.6 billion in stock. SolarCity was then the largest installer of rooftop solar systems in the United States.[58] More than 85% of unaffiliated Tesla and SolarCity shareholders voted to approve the acquisition,[59][60] which closed on November 21, 2016.[61] After it acquired SolarCity, Tesla stopped using door to door sales tactics for solar systems; instead, it markets and sells its products at stores. It also does not provide a leasing option for solar panels, and consumers must purchase them.[62] Model 3 rollout The Tesla Model 3 first deliveries event took place on July 28, 2017. Model 3 was unveiled in March 2016. A week after the unveiling, global reservations totaled 325,000 units.[63][64] As a result of the demand for Model 3, in May 2016, Tesla advanced its 500,000 annual unit build plan (for all models) by two years to 2018.[65][66] On February 1, 2017 the company changed its name from Tesla Motors to Tesla.[67][68] In late March 2017, Tesla Inc. announced that Tencent Holdings Ltd., at the time China's "most valuable company," had purchased a 5% stake in Tesla for $1.8 billion.[69] In 2017, Tesla briefly surpassed Ford Motor Company and General Motors in market capitalization for a couple of months, making it the most valuable American automaker.[70][71] In June 2017, Tesla appeared for the first time in the Fortune 500 list.[70] In the week preceding the debut on July 7, 2017, of the Model 3 sedan, Tesla's stock-market value declined by more than $12 billion from a previous value of $63 billion. The loss was a result of a combination of factors that disappointed investors. Demand for Tesla's luxurious existing models, Model S and Model X, did not grow in the second quarter.[72] Brian Johnson of Barclays said that customer deposits for the Model S and Model X fell by $50 million, potentially indicating that Tesla's introduction of the Model 3 could be adversely affecting their sales. Tesla predicted that luxury sales would reach 100,000 per year, below some analysts' expectations.[73] Investors expressed concern about Tesla's plans for execution and competitive risk, as Volvo Cars committed to introduce only electric and electric-assisted vehicles by 2019.[74][72] Johnson claimed that "Tesla will face intense competition by the next decade."[75] Morningstar analyst David Whiston foresaw a revised, slower timetable for the Model 3 and a company acknowledgement of problems with building battery packs for its cars. In 2016 Musk predicted 100,000 Model 3 units would be sold in 2017, but that production may reach only 20,000 by December. Axel Schmidt, a managing director at consulting firm Accenture, said that Tesla's problems with Gigafactory 1 prove that increasing Model 3 production "remains a huge challenge".[75] In October 2017, Tesla reported delivery of 220 Model 3s, acknowledging this was "less than anticipated due to production bottlenecks".[76] In early November 2017, Musk advised investors of a production delay that was primarily due to difficulties with the new battery that would allow Tesla to significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of the Model 3. The company was having difficulties with robots on the assembly line[77] but the most serious issue was with one of the four zones in the battery manufacturing, caused by a "systems integration subcontractor", according to Musk.[78] "We had to rewrite all of the software from scratch for the battery module", he reported.[79] He assured investors that Tesla had "reallocated" top engineers to work on achieving a solution. By that time, Jon Wagner, director of battery engineering, had left the company.[80] Also in November, Musk postponed the target date for manufacturing 5000 of the vehicles per week from December 2017 to "sometime in March" 2018;[77] about which an analyst with Cowan and Company commented that "Elon Musk needs to stop over promising and under delivering".[81] On November 21, 2017, Bloomberg stated that "over the past 12 months, the electric-car maker has been burning money at a clip of about $8,000 a minute (or $480,000 an hour)" preparing for Model 3.[82] In April 2018, Musk increased the 5000 per week number by 20%; forecasting Tesla could achieve 6,000 units per week by the end of June 2018.[83] When asked when the company would reach a production level of 10,000 units per week, he declined to speculate.[79] For Q2 2018, Tesla reported delivery of 28,578 Model 3 vehicles, which exceeded combined Model S and X production (24,761), almost three times the amount of Model 3's than in Q1.[84] 2018 consideration of taking Tesla private In an August 7, 2018 tweet, major Tesla stockholder and Tesla CEO Elon Musk stated: "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured."[85][86] On Tesla's blog Musk elaborated that Tesla's status as a public company subjects it to the quarterly earnings cycle that puts enormous pressure on the company to make decisions that may be right for a given quarter, but not necessarily right for the company's long-term growth. Additionally, as the most shorted stock in the history of the stock market, being a publicly traded company means that there are large numbers of investors who may have the incentive to attack the company.[87] Musk released a considerably more detailed statement on the Tesla Blog the following week indicating that the proposal was by him in his personal capacity, and not as CEO of Tesla. Furthermore, he indicated that he had high confidence in the funding being secured based on discussions with the managing director of the Saudi sovereign wealth fund who had requested Musk consider taking Tesla private and indicated strong capital support for doing so.[88] On August 24 Musk released a statement indicating that both he and the Tesla Board of Directors had made the decision for the company to remain traded on the public stock markets.[89][90] In September 2018, Musk was sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the tweet claiming that funding had been secured for taking Tesla private. The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO on publicly traded companies.[91][92] Musk settled with the SEC two days later. The settlement terms required Musk to leave as chairman, and prohibited him from running for chairman again for three years. Additionally, he and Tesla Inc. were fined $20M each to reimburse investors whom were harmed by Musk's tweet.[93][94] In November 2018, Tesla vehicles outsold Mercedes-Benz in the United States market for the first time.[95] Production and sales Global sales passed 250,000 units in September 2017,[96][97] and Tesla produced its 300,000th vehicle in February 2018.[98] 10,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000Q3 2012Q4Q1Q2 2013Q3Q4Q1Q2 2014Q3Q4Q1Q2 2015Q3Q4Q1Q2 2016Q3Q4Q1Q2 2017Q3Q4Q1Q2 2018Q3 Model S Model X Model 3 Quarter Total production Model S sales Model X sales Model 3 sales Total sales[b] In transit[c] Source Q1 2015 11,160 10,045 10,045 [99] Q2 2015 12,807 11,532 11,532 [100] Q3 2015 13,091 11,597 6 11,603 [101] Q4 2015 14,037 17,272 206 17,478 [102] Q1 2016 15,510 12,420 2,400 14,820 2,615 [66] Q2 2016 18,345 9,764 4,638 14,402 5,150 [103][104] Q3 2016 25,185 16,047 8,774 24,821 5,065 [105] Q4 2016[d] 24,882 12,700 9,500 22,254 6,450 [106][107] Q1 2017 25,418 ~13,450 ~11,550 25,051 ~4,650 [108] Q2 2017 25,708 ~12,000 ~10,000 22,026 ~3,500 [109][110] Q3 2017 25,336 14,065 11,865 222 26,137 4,820 [111][96] Q4 2017 24,565 ~15,200 ~13,120 1,542 29,967 3,380 [112][113] Q1 2018 34,494 11,730 10,070 8,182 29,997 6,100 [114] Q2 2018 53,339 10,930 11,370 18,440 40,740 15,058 [115][116] Q3 2018 80,142 14,470 13,190 56,065 83,725 11,824 [117][118] Eberhard and Tarpenning incorporated Tesla, while Musk, Straubel and Wright joined in a Series A round later on. A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five to call themselves founders.[2] Sales are only counted as sold when delivered to end customer and all paperwork is correct Goods in transit are produced but not counted as sold until delivered Sales by model do not add up to total, these are preliminary figures reported by Tesla. Only total sales is final figures are reported by Tesla, as breakdown by model is not typically provided. Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as ship availability and registration. Tesla does not follow the auto industry standard of monthly reporting.[119] Some monthly sales are estimated by media.[120] Strategy Tesla aims to change the automotive industry by creating many innovative pieces that fit together; this strategy was called "complex coordination" by Tesla investor Peter Thiel.[121] Its marketing, production, sales and technology strategies all are notably different from its competitors. Robotic manufacturing of the Model S at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California Tesla's automotive strategy is to emulate typical technological-product life cycles and initially target affluent buyers. It then moved into larger markets at lower price points.[11][122] The battery and electric drivetrain technology for each model would be developed and paid for through the sales of earlier models.[11][123] The Roadster was low-volume and priced at US$109,000. Model S and Model X targeted the broader luxury market. Model 3 is aimed at a higher-volume segment.[12][124] This business strategy is common in the technology industry.[125] According to a Musk blog post, "New technology in any field takes a few versions to optimize before reaching the mass market, and in this case it is competing with 150 years and trillions of dollars spent on gasoline cars."[126] Tesla's production strategy includes a high degree of vertical integration (80% in 2016[127]), which includes component production and proprietary charging infrastructure. The company operates enormous factories to capture economies of scale. Tesla builds electric powertrain components for vehicles from other automakers, including the Smart ED2 ForTwo electric drive (the lowest-priced car from Daimler AG), the Toyota RAV4 EV, and Freightliner's Custom Chassis Electric Van. Vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically outsource 80% of components to suppliers,[128] and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly.[129][130] The Tesla Patent Wall at its headquarters was removed after the company announced its patents are part of the open source movement.[131] Tesla's sales strategy is to sell its vehicles online and in company-owned showrooms rather than through a conventional dealer network.[132][133] Tesla's technology strategy focuses on pure-electric propulsion technology, and transferring other approaches from the technology industry to transportation, such as online software updates.[134] Tesla allows its technology patents to be used by anyone in good faith.[135] Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly.[136] Tesla retained control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and trade secrets to prevent direct copying of its technology.[137] Tesla Human Resources VP Arnnon Geshuri committed to bringing manufacturing jobs "back to California".[138][139] In 2015, Geshuri led a hiring surge about which he said: "In the last 14 months we've had 1.5 million applications from around the world. People want to work here."[140] Geshuri emphasizes hiring veterans, saying "Veterans are a great source of talent for Tesla, and we're going after it."[139][141][142] Sales Tesla's global sales totaled close to 500,000 units by November 2018, representing about 20% of all the all-electric cars on the world's roads, according to Navigant Research.[143] Its top selling car is the Model S, with global sales of 250,000 units between June 2012 and September 2018,[114][115][117][144] followed by the Model X with 106,689 units sold between September 2015 and September 2018.[108][109][111][112][114][115][117][145] Model 3 deliveries passed 100,000 units in October 2018.[146] The now-retired Roadster sold about 2,450 units.[147] In July 2017, Tesla said their vehicles had traveled 5 billion miles (8 billion km).[148] Foreseeing Germany as its second market after the U.S. (and the largest in Europe), in 2016 Tesla stated the Dutch (Dienst Wegverkeer) RDW-issued Whole Vehicle Type Approval (WVTA) should be accepted as a legal compliance document, with no need to seek specific national type of approvals in EU member states.[149] In 2016 BYD Auto was the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer with 101,183 units sold, followed by Tesla with 76,243.[145][150] However, Tesla revenues ranked ahead with US$6.35 billion, while BYD notched US$3.88 billion.[151] Also in 2016, Tesla sold US$1 billion worth of cars in China, the world's largest market for electric vehicles, and in October of the following year it reached an agreement with the Chinese government to build a factory in Shanghai.[152] As of October 2016, Tesla operated about 260 galleries or retail locations in the United States.[153] In June 2016, Tesla opened its first store-within-a-store: a small outpost within the Nordstrom's department store at The Grove shopping mall in Los Angeles.[154] In 2017, Tesla opened retail locations in Dubai and South Korea.[155] In August 2015, Tesla launched a revamp of its stores to include interactive displays focused on safety, autopilot, charging network and motors.[156] In 2017 Tesla had a US$52 million marketing budget and used a referral program and word of mouth to attract buyers.[157][158] US dealership disputes Main article: Tesla US dealership disputes Tesla gallery in Austin, Texas Tesla operates stores and galleries[159][160]—usually located in shopping malls—in many U.S. states. However, customers buy vehicles only from the Tesla website.[161][162][163][164] The stores serve as showrooms that allow people to learn about the company and its vehicles. Some galleries are located in states with restrictive dealer protection laws that prohibit discussing price, financing, and test drives, as well as other restrictions. Tesla's strategy of direct customer sales and owning stores and service centers is different from the standard dealership model in the global vehicle marketplace. Tesla is the only automaker that sells cars directly to consumers; all others use independently owned dealerships,[165][166] although many provide online configuration and financing.[167][168][169] 48 states have laws that limit or ban manufacturers from selling vehicles directly to consumers,[170][171][172] and although Tesla has no independent dealerships, dealership associations in multiple states have filed lawsuits over Tesla's sales practices. Countries other than U.S. do not protect dealers. The Federal Trade Commission recommends allowing direct manufacturer sales,[173][174] which analysts believe would save consumers 8% on average.[175][176] Used vehicles Under a buyback program called the Resale Value Guarantee available in 37 U.S. states, a Tesla Model S sold before July 1, 2016 included the right to return it after three years with reimbursement of 43% to 50% of its initial price. This reimbursement matched the trade-in values of competitive German luxury cars of that age. In addition to maintaining the resale value, Tesla hoped to secure a supply of used cars to refurbish and re-sell with warranty. According to Automotive News, the profit margin on used car sales in the U.S. is about triple that on new cars, and Tesla's direct sales would allow it capture resale profits.[177] Tesla ended the program in 2016, although they retained the Residual Value Guarantee on leased vehicles.[178][179] In May 2015, Tesla started selling refurbished Model S cars in the U.S.[180] and within a month sold 1,600 cars.[181] As of July 2017, over 80 used Model S and Model X cars were for sale, with either a four-year, 50,000-mile warranty[182] or a two-year, 100,000-mile warranty for vehicles above 50,000 miles.[183][184] As of September 2015, similar programs existed in Canada,[185] Austria,[186] Belgium,[187] Denmark,[188] France,[189] Germany,[190] Britain,[191] Netherlands,[192] Norway,[193] Sweden[194] and Switzerland.[195] Technology As a vertically-integrated manufacturer, Tesla has had to master multiple technology domains, including batteries, electric motors, sensors and artificial intelligence. Batteries Tesla Supercharger in West Hartford, Connecticut Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not use individual large battery cells, but thousands of small, cylindrical, lithium-ion commodity cells like those used in consumer electronics. It uses a version of these cells that is designed to be cheaper to manufacture and lighter than standard cells by removing some safety features. According to Tesla, these features are redundant because of the advanced thermal management system and an intumescent chemical in the battery to prevent fires.[196] Panasonic is the sole supplier of the cells for Model S, Model X, and Model 3 and cooperates with Tesla in the Gigafactory 1's '21–70' cells.[197] In February 2016, Tesla battery costs were estimated at US$200 per kWh.[129] Tesla indicated later in 2016 that their batteries cost less than $190/kWh.[198] Still later that year Argonne Labs estimated $163/kWh at a production rate of 500,000 packs per year.[199][200] The batteries are placed under the vehicle floor. This saves interior and trunk space but increases risk of battery damage by debris or impact. The Model S has 0.25 in (6.4 mm) aluminum-alloy armor plate.[201] CTO Straubel expected batteries to last 10–15 years,[202] and discounts using electric cars to charge the grid (V2G) because the related battery wear outweighs economic benefit. He also prefers recycling over re-use for grid once they reach the end of their useful life for vehicles.[203][204] Since 2008, Tesla has worked with ToxCo/Kinsbursky to recycle worn out RoHS batteries, which will be an integral part of GigaFactory.[205][206][207] Motors Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors. A three-phase four-pole AC induction motor with a copper rotor[208] (by which the Tesla logo is inspired) is used in the Model S and Model X, and permanent magnet motors are used in the Model 3 and Semi. Motors for the Model S and Model X are made at Tesla Factory, while motors for Model 3 are made at Gigafactory 1. Autopilot Main article: Tesla Autopilot See also: Autonomous car and Connected car Tesla Autopilot provides semi-autonomous driver assist beginning in September 2014. Tesla replaced its sensors and software in 2016 (Hardware version 2, or "HW2"). As of 2017, Autopilot included adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, emergency braking, Autosteer (semi-automated steering), Autopark (parallel and perpendicular parking) and Summon (recalling the vehicle from a parking place).[209][210] HW2 includes eight cameras and twelve ultrasonic sensors, in addition to forward-facing radar.[211] HW2.5 was released in mid-2017 that upgraded HW2 with a second GPU and, for the Model 3 only, a driver-facing camera.[212] At the end of 2016, Tesla expected to demonstrate full autonomy by the end of 2017.[213][214] In April 2017 Musk predicted that in around two years drivers would be able to sleep in their vehicle.[215] Glass In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3 and for use in SolarCity roof tiles announced in October 2016.[216] The tiles contain an embedded solar collector, and are one-third lighter than standard roof tiles.[217] Vehicle models Comparison of EPA-rated range for model year 2016 and 2017 electric cars rated up until July 2017. Tesla vehicles shown correspond to the variants with the longest and shortest range for each model (S, X and 3).[218][219] "Tesla electric car" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Nikola Tesla electric car hoax. See also: Tesla Roadster (2008) As of December 2017, Tesla offers three car models: the Model S, Model X and Model 3. The firm's first vehicle, the first-generation Tesla Roadster is no longer sold. Model S Main article: Tesla Model S Model S deliveries began on June 22, 2012.[37] The first delivery in Europe took place in August 2013.[220] Deliveries in China began in April 2014.[221] First deliveries of the right-hand-drive model destined for the UK, Australia, Hong Kong and Japan came in 2014.[222] As of June 2018, the Model S has three base configurations: the 75D, 100D and P100D with EPA ranges of 259, 335, and 315 miles respectively.[223] Norway is the Model S largest overseas market due to the country's comprehensive incentives for the adoption of pure electric cars. With an estimated 50,931 units sold in 2016, the Model S ranked as the world's bestselling plug-in car for the second year in a row.[145][150] As of September 2018, the Model S, with global sales of 250,000 units, ranks as the world's second best selling plug-in electric car in history after the Nissan Leaf (over 350,000).[114][115][117][144][224] The United States is the world's leading Model S market with an estimated 136,542 units sold through September 2018.[225] Norway ranked as the Model S largest overseas market as of November 2016,[226] with 11,802 new units registered.[227][228][229] The Tesla Model S became the first electric car ever to top the monthly sales ranking in any country, when the electric car achieved the first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.[230][231][232] In May 2010 Tesla purchased a stake in what would become the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, for US$42 million,[32][233][234] and opened the facility in October 2010.[233][235][236] For the European market, a final assembly plant and European Distribution Center are part of the Tesla facilities in Tilburg, Netherlands. Cars are built and tested in Fremont; then the battery pack, the electric motor and parts are disassembled and shipped separately to Tilburg, where they are reassembled.[237] Among other awards, the Model S won the 2013 "Motor Trend Car of the Year",[238] the 2013 "World Green Car",[239] Automobile Magazine's 2013 "Car of the Year",[240] and Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award.[241] Model X Main article: Tesla Model X Elon Musk delivering one of the first six Model X Founders Series models The Tesla Model X is a full-size crossover SUV with a lightweight aluminum body.[242] Model X deliveries started in September 2015.[45] It is offered in 5-, 6- and 7-passenger configurations. Notably, the passenger doors are articulating "falcon-wing" designs that open vertically. Production was rescheduled several times, from 2013 to late 2014,[243] to the second quarter of 2015,[244] to the third quarter of 2015.[245] In August 2015, user groups estimated around 30,000 X pre-orders, compared to 12,000 for the S.[246] Deliveries of the Model X Signature series began on September 29, 2015. Model X sales totaled 2,400 units during the first quarter of 2016, rising to 4,638 in the second quarter of 2016. Global deliveries totaled 25,312 units in 2016,[145] and 46,535 in 2017.[108][109][111][112][145] In September 2016, the Model X ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in Norway.[247][248] Previously, the Model S had been the top selling new car four times.[247] Cumulative sales since inception totaled 106,689 units through September 2018.[108][109][111][112][114][115][117][145] The United States is its main market with an estimated 57,327 units sold through September 2018.[225] Page semi-protected Death From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Dead" and "Dying" redirect here. For the coloring process, see Dyeing. For other uses, see Dead (disambiguation) and Death (disambiguation). Statue of Death, personified as a human skeleton dressed in a shroud and clutching a scythe, from the Cathedral of Trier in Trier, Germany Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.[1] Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in terminal injury.[2] In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death.[3] Death – particularly the death of humans – has commonly been considered a sad or unpleasant occasion, due to the affection for the being that has died and the termination of social and familial bonds with the deceased. Other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. Many cultures and religions have the idea of an afterlife, and also hold the idea of reward or judgement and punishment for past sin. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Associated terms 3 Senescence 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Signs 4.2 Problems of definition 4.3 Legal 4.4 Misdiagnosed 5 Cause 5.1 Autopsy 6 Cryonics 7 Life extension 8 Reperfusion 9 Location 10 Society and culture 11 Consciousness 12 In biology 12.1 Natural selection 12.2 Extinction 12.3 Evolution of aging and mortality 13 Religious views 13.1 Buddhism 13.2 Judaism 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology The word death comes from Old English dēaþ, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the "process, act, condition of dying".[4] Associated terms Study of Skeletons, c. 1510, by Leonardo da Vinci The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away, a skeleton. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of "decease", as in the deceased; another noun form is decedent. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, a portmanteau of "cremation" and "remains". Senescence A dead magpie A dead Eurasian magpie Senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Animal and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, but the aging process derives from deterioration of cellular activity and ruination of regular functioning. Aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality means that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long-term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur on a daily basis relates to senescence, while around the world it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that take place daily (Hayflick & Moody, 2003). Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, known in life sciences as "senescence". Some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii,[5] the hydra, and the planarian. Unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day.[6] Of these, two thirds die directly or indirectly due to senescence, but in industrialized countries – such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany – the rate approaches 90%, i.e., nearly nine out of ten of all deaths are related to senescence.[6] Physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible.[7] Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs. In general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise medical definition of death becomes more difficult.[8] Diagnosis World Health Organization estimated number of deaths per million persons in 2012 1,054–4,598 4,599–5,516 5,517–6,289 6,290–6,835 6,836–7,916 7,917–8,728 8,729–9,404 9,405–10,433 10,434–12,233 12,234–17,141 Signs Signs of death or strong indications that a warm-blooded animal is no longer alive are: Respiratory arrest (no breathing) Cardiac arrest (no pulse) Brain death (no neuronal activity) Pallor mortis, paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after death Livor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body Algor mortis, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature Rigor mortis, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor. Problems of definition Main article: Medical definition of death Symbols of death in a painting: it shows a flower, a skull and an hourglass A flower, a skull and an hourglass stand for life, death and time in this 17th-century painting by Philippe de Champaigne Ivory pendant of a Monk's face. The left half of the pendant appears skeletal, while the right half appears living French – 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death (Walters Art Museum) The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon.[9] There are many scientific approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, defines death as a point in time at which brain activity ceases.[9][10][11][12] One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems.[13] Such determination therefore requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life. This general problem applies to the particular challenge of defining death in the context of medicine. It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms). Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another.[14] Other definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of something.[15][clarification needed] In this context "death" describes merely the state where something has ceased, for example, life. Thus, the definition of "life" simultaneously defines death. Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted. Events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers. Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain sleep stages, and especially a coma. In the case of sleep, EEGs can easily tell the difference. The category of "brain death" is seen as problematic by some scholars. For instance, Dr. Franklin Miller, senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: "By the late 1990s... the equation of brain death with death of the human being was increasingly challenged by scholars, based on evidence regarding the array of biological functioning displayed by patients correctly diagnosed as having this condition who were maintained on mechanical ventilation for substantial periods of time. These patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the case of pregnant "brain-dead" women)."[16] Those people maintaining that only the neo-cortex of the brain is necessary for consciousness sometimes argue that only electrical activity should be considered when defining death. Eventually it is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of cognitive function, as evidenced by the death of the cerebral cortex. All hope of recovering human thought and personality is then gone given current and foreseeable medical technology. At present, in most places the more conservative definition of death – irreversible cessation of electrical activity in the whole brain, as opposed to just in the neo-cortex – has been adopted (for example the Uniform Determination Of Death Act in the United States). In 2005, the Terri Schiavo case brought the question of brain death and artificial sustenance to the front of American politics. Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain drugs, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothermia can suppress or even stop brain activity on a temporary basis. Because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under defined conditions. Legal See also: Legal death The death of a person has legal consequences that may vary between different jurisdictions. A death certificate is issued in most jurisdictions, either by a doctor, or by an administrative office upon presentation of a doctor's declaration of death. Misdiagnosed See also: Premature burial Antoine Wiertz's painting of a man buried alive There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then "coming back to life", sometimes days later in their own coffin, or when embalming procedures are about to begin. From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive,[17] and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet or into the rectum.[18] Writing in 1895, the physician J.C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700 people were buried prematurely each year in England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800.[19] In cases of electric shock, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for an hour or longer can allow stunned nerves to recover, allowing an apparently dead person to survive. People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an emergency room.[20] In science fiction scenarios where such technology is readily available, real death is distinguished from reversible death. Cause See also: List of causes of death by rate and List of preventable causes of death The leading cause of human death in developing countries is infectious disease. The leading causes in developed countries are atherosclerosis (heart disease and stroke), cancer, and other diseases related to obesity and aging. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying cause of death in the developed world is biological aging,[6] leading to various complications known as aging-associated diseases. These conditions cause loss of homeostasis, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of oxygen and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the brain and other tissues. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die of age-related causes.[6] In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%.[6] With improved medical capability, dying has become a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world. American children smoking in 1910. Tobacco smoking caused an estimated 100 million deaths in the 20th century.[21] In developing nations, inferior sanitary conditions and lack of access to modern medical technology makes death from infectious diseases more common than in developed countries. One such disease is tuberculosis, a bacterial disease which killed 1.8M people in 2015.[22] Malaria causes about 400–900M cases of fever and 1–3M deaths annually.[23] AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90–100M by 2025.[24][25] According to Jean Ziegler (United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000 – Mar 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients.[26] Tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill 1 billion people around the world in the 21st century, a World Health Organization report warned.[21] Many leading developed world causes of death can be postponed by diet and physical activity, but the accelerating incidence of disease with age still imposes limits on human longevity. The evolutionary cause of aging is, at best, only just beginning to be understood. It has been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major causes of death.[27] Selye proposed a unified non-specific approach to many causes of death. He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted.[28] Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on, Goldstone proposed the concept of a production or income of adaptation energy which may be stored (up to a limit), as a capital reserve of adaptation.[29] In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.[30] In 2012, suicide overtook car crashes for leading causes of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls and murder.[31] Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. In high-income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 70 and predominantly die of chronic diseases. In low-income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 70, and more than a third of all deaths are among children under 15, people predominantly die of infectious diseases.[32] Autopsy A painting of an autopsy, by Rembrandt, entitled "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" An autopsy is portrayed in The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, by Rembrandt An autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a human corpse to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist. Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is generally reconstituted by sewing it back together. Autopsy is important in a medical environment and may shed light on mistakes and help improve practices. A "necropsy" is an older term for a postmortem examination, unregulated, and not always a medical procedure. In modern times the term is more often used in the postmortem examination of the corpses of animals. Cryonics Technicians prepare a body for cryopreservation in 1985. Main article: Cryonics Cryonics (from Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the low-temperature preservation of animals and humans who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future.[33][34] Cryopreservation of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent information-theoretic definition of death.[35][36] Some scientific literature is claimed to support the feasibility of cryonics.[37] Medical science and cryobiologists generally regards cryonics with skepticism.[38] Life extension Main article: Life extension Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. Average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to accidents and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer, or cardiovascular disease. Extension of average lifespan can be achieved by good diet, exercise and avoidance of hazards such as smoking. Maximum lifespan is also determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes. Currently, the only widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is calorie restriction. Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan can be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by periodic replacement of damaged tissues, or by molecular repair or rejuvenation of deteriorated cells and tissues. A United States poll found that religious people and irreligious people, as well as men and women and people of different economic classes have similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of support than white people.[39] 38 percent of the polled said they would desire to have their aging process cured. Researchers of life extension are a subclass of biogerontologists known as "biomedical gerontologists". They try to understand the nature of aging and they develop treatments to reverse aging processes or to at least slow them down, for the improvement of health and the maintenance of youthful vigor at every stage of life. Those who take advantage of life extension findings and seek to apply them upon themselves are called "life extensionists" or "longevists". The primary life extension strategy currently is to apply available anti-aging methods in the hope of living long enough to benefit from a complete cure to aging once it is developed. Reperfusion "One of medicine's new frontiers: treating the dead", recognizes that cells that have been without oxygen for more than five minutes die,[40] not from lack of oxygen, but rather when their oxygen supply is resumed. Therefore, practitioners of this approach, e.g., at the Resuscitation Science institute at the University of Pennsylvania, "aim to reduce oxygen uptake, slow metabolism and adjust the blood chemistry for gradual and safe reperfusion."[41] Location Before about 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making house calls.[42] By the mid-20th century, half of all Americans died in a hospital.[43] By the start of the 21st century, only about 20 to 25% of people in developed countries died outside a medical institution.[43][44][45] The shift away from dying at home, towards dying in a professionalized medical environment, has been termed the "Invisible Death".[43] The "Invisible Death" process was extremely slow and infinitesimal. It took many years to shift to this new location where dying was commonly taking place outside the home.[46] Homicide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Homicide (disambiguation). Homicide is the act of one human killing another.[1] A homicide requires only a volitional act by another person that results in death, and thus a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause harm.[2] Homicides can be divided into many overlapping legal categories, including murder, manslaughter, justifiable homicide, killing in war (either following the laws of war or as a war crime), euthanasia, and capital punishment, depending on the circumstances of the death. These different types of homicides are often treated very differently in human societies; some are considered crimes, while others are permitted or even ordered by the legal system. Contents 1 Criminal homicide 1.1 Murder 1.2 Manslaughter 1.3 Defenses to homicide 2 By governments 2.1 Examples of widespread systematic government killing 3 Global statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Criminal homicide Criminal homicide takes many forms including accidental killing or purposeful murder. Criminal homicide is divided into two broad categories, murder and manslaughter, based upon the state of mind and intent of the person who commits the homicide.[3] Murder Murder is the most serious crime that can be charged following a homicide.[4] In many jurisdictions, homicide may be punished by life in prison or even capital punishment.[5] Although categories of murder can vary by jurisdiction, murder charges fall under two broad categories: First degree murder: the premeditated, unlawful, intentional killing of another person. Second degree murder: The intentional, unlawful killing of another person, but without any premeditation. In some jurisdictions, a homicide that occurs during the commission of a dangerous crime may constitute murder, regardless of the actor's intent to commit homicide. In the United States, this is known as the felony murder rule.[6] In simple terms, under the felony murder rule a person who commits a felony may be guilty of murder if someone dies as a result of the commission of the crime, including the victim of the felony, a bystander or a co-felon, regardless their intent—or lack thereof—to kill, and even when the death results from the actions of a co-defendant or third party who is reacting to the crime.[4] Manslaughter Manslaughter is a form of homicide in which the person who commits the homicide either does not intend to kill the victim, or kills the victim as the result of circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed to the point of potentially losing control of their actions.[7] The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th century BC. The penalty for manslaughter is normally less than the penalty for murder. The two broad categories of manslaughter are:[7][4] Voluntary manslaughter: the intentional, unpremeditated killing of another person as the result of a disturbed state of mind, or heat of passion. Involuntary manslaughter: the unintentional killing of another person through an act of recklessness that shows indifference to the lives and safety of others, or an act of negligence that could reasonably be foreseen to result in death. The act that results in death may be intentional, such as pushing somebody in anger, but their death (such as by their subsequently falling, striking their head, and suffering a lethal head injury) is not. Another form of manslaughter in some jurisdictions is constructive manslaughter, which may be charged in the event that a person causes a death without intention, but as the result of violating an important safety law or regulation.[8] Defenses to homicide Not all homicides are crimes, or subject to criminal prosecution.[9] Some are legally privileged, meaning that they are not criminal acts at all. Others may occur under circumstances that provide the defendant with a full or partial defense to criminal prosecution. Common defenses include: Self-defense: while most homicides by civilians are criminally prosecutable, a right of self-defense (often including the right to defend others)[10] is widely recognized, including, in dire circumstances, the use of deadly force.[11] Mental incapacity: A defendant may attempt to prove that they are not criminally responsible for a homicide due to a mental disorder. In some jurisdictions, mentally incompetent killers may be involuntarily committed in lieu of criminal trial. Mental health and development are often taken into account during sentencing. For example, in the United States, the death penalty cannot be applied to convicted murderers with intellectual disabilities.[12] if the defendant in a capital case is sufficiently mentally disabled in the United States they cannot be executed. Instead, the individual is placed under the category of "insane". Defense of infancy - Small children are not held criminally liable before the age of criminal responsibility. A juvenile court may handle defendants above this age but below the legal age of majority, though because homicide is a serious crime some older minors are charged in an adult justice system. Age is sometimes also taken into account during sentencing even if the perpetrator is old enough to have criminal responsibility. Justifiable homicide or privilege: Due to the circumstances, although a homicide occurs, the act of killing is not unlawful. For example, a killing on the battlefield during war is normally lawful, or a police officer may shoot a dangerous suspect in order to protect the officer's own life or the lives and safety of others. The availability of defenses to a criminal charge following a homicide may affect the homicide rate. For example, it has been suggested that the availability of "stand your ground" defense has resulted in an increase in the homicide rate in U.S. jurisdictions that recognize the defense,[13] including Florida.[14][15] By governments Killing by governments and the agents thereof may be considered lawful or unlawful according to: Domestic law International law to which the government has agreed by treaty Peremptory norms which are de facto enforced as obligatory on all countries, such as prohibitions against genocide, piracy, and slavery Types of state killings include: Capital punishment, where the judicial system authorizes the death penalty in response to a severe crime, though some countries have abolished it completely Lawful killing during war, such as the killing of enemy combatants Lawful use of deadly force by law enforcement officers to maintain public safety in emergency situations Extrajudicial killing, where government actors kill people (typically individuals or small groups) without judicial court proceedings War crimes that involve killing (war crimes not authorized by the government may also be committed by individuals who are then subject to domestic military justice) Widespread, systematic killing by the government of a particular group, which depending on the target, could be called genocide, politicide, or classicide. In some cases these events may also meet definitions of crimes against humanity. Scholars study especially large homicide events (typically 50,000 deaths in five years or less) as mass killings. Some medium- and large-scale mass killings by state actors have been term massacres, though not all such killings have been so named. The term "democide" has been coined by Rudolph Rummel to describe "murder by government" in general, which includes both extrajudicial killings and widespread systematic homicide. Killing by government might be called "murder" or "mass murder" in general usage, especially if seen by the commentator as unethical, but the domestic legal definitions of murder, manslaughter, etc., usually exclude killings carried out by lawful government action. Examples of widespread systematic government killing Deliberate massacres of captives or civilians during wartime or periods of civil unrest by the state's military forces, include those committed by Genghis Khan, the Golden Horde, the troops of Vlad the Impaler,the British Empire in its colonies, the Empire of Japan, the Soviet Union, and Nazi Germany during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, the Nanjing Massacre, the Katyn Forest Massacre of Polish citizens in 1940 and the massacres of political prisoners after the launch of Operation Barbarossa, the Three Alls Policy, the massacre of Soviet Jews at Babi Yar, the mass murder of the Hungarian, Serbian and German population in Vojvodina in the "Vengeance of Bacska", the murder of 24 unarmed villagers by British troops in the Batang Kali massacre during the Malayan Emergency, the mass killings in Indonesia during Suharto's rise to power,[16] the murder of suspected leftists during Operation Condor in South America,[17] the murder of Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers in the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War, the genocidal massacres of the Maya population during the Guatemalan Civil War,[18] the massacre at El Mozote during the Salvadoran Civil War,[19], and repeated attacks on civilians during the Syrian Civil War including the Al-Qubeir massacre. Actions in which the state indirectly caused the death of large numbers of people include man-made disasters caused by the state, such as the famines in India during British rule,[20] the Holodomor famine in the Soviet Union,[21] the Khmer Rouge years in Cambodia, the famines and poverty caused by the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China,[22] and the famine in Yemen triggered by the U.S.–backed Saudi Arabian-led intervention and blockade.[23][24][25] Global statistics Main article: List of countries by intentional homicide rate A comparison of homicide rates, per 100,000 population, for some countries (data from 2008). Terror and war-related deaths are not included. Chinese homicide data is not available. Gun-related homicide rates plus non-gun-related homicide rates in high-income OECD countries, 2010, countries in graph ordered by total homicides. Graph illustrates how U.S. gun homicide rates exceed total homicide rates in each of the other high-income OECD countries.[26] A 2011 study by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime brought together a wide variety of data sources to create a worldwide picture of trends and developments.[27] Sources included multiple agencies and field offices of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and national and international sources from 207 countries. The report estimated that in 2010, the total number of homicides globally was 468,000. More than a third (36%) occurred in Africa, 31 percent in the Americas, 27 percent in Asia, five percent in Europe and one percent in Oceania. Since 1995, the homicide rate has been falling in Europe, North America, and Asia, but has risen to a near “crisis point” in Central America and the Caribbean. Of all homicides worldwide, 82 percent of the victims were men, and 18 percent were women.[28] On a per-capita scaled level, "the homicide rate in Africa and the Americas (at 17 and 16 per 100,000 population, respectively) is more than double the global average (6.9 per 100,000), whereas in Asia, Europe and Oceania (between 3 and 4 per 100,000) it is roughly half".[28] UNODC, in its 2013 global report, estimated the total number of homicides worldwide dropped to 437,000 in 2012. Americas accounted for 36 percent of all homicides globally, Africa 21 percent, Asia 38 percent, Europe five percent and Oceania 0.3%.[29] The world's average homicide rate stood at 6.2 per 100,000 population in 2012, but Southern Africa region and Central America have intentional homicide rates four times higher than the world average. They are the most violent regions globally, outside of regions experiencing wars and religious or sociopolitical terrorism.[29] Asia exclusive of West Asia and Central Asia, Western Europe, Northern Europe, as well as Oceania had the lowest homicide rates in the world. About 41 percent of the homicides worldwide occurred in 2012 with the use of guns, 24 percent with sharp objects such as knife, and 35 percent by other means such as poison. The global conviction rate for the crime of intentional homicide in 2012 was 43 percent.[30] [W]here homicide rates are high and firearms and organized crime in the form of drug trafficking play a substantial role, 1 in 50 men aged 20 will be murdered before they reach the age of 31. At the other, the probability of such an occurrence is up to 400 times lower. [H]omicide is much more common in countries with low levels of human development, high levels of income inequality and weak rule of law than in more equitable societies, where socioeconomic stability seems to be something of an antidote to homicide. Women murdered by their past or present male partner make up the vast majority of [homicide] victims worldwide....[27] See also List of types of killing References "Homicide definition". Cornell University Law School. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Melenik, Juey (9 September 2015). "7 Common Mistakes Regarding Autopsy Reports". Advantage Business Media. Forensic News Daily. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017. "Criminal Law: Criminal Homicide". M Libraries. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Larson, Aaron (7 October 2016). "What Are Homicide and Murder". ExpertLaw. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. "Federal Laws Providing for the Death Penalty". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Fletcher, George P. (1980). "Reflections on Felony Murder". Southwestern University Law Review. 12: 413. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. "Criminal Law: Manslaughter". M Libraries. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Slapper, Gary (1 December 1993). "Corporate Manslaughter: an Examination of the Determinants of Prosecutorial Polic". Social & Legal Studies. 2 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1177/096466399300200404. Stevens, T.L. (February 1957). "Manslaughter and Negligent Homicide". Judge Advocate General Journal. 1957. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. See, e.g., California Constitution, Art. 1, Sec. 1 See, e.g., California Penal Code, Sec. 197. See the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Atkins v. Virginia. Vedantam, Shankar (2 January 2013). "'Stand Your Ground' Linked To Increase In Homicides". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Sanburn, Josh (14 November 2016). "Florida's 'Stand Your Ground' Law Linked to Homicide Increase". Time. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Cheng, Cheng; Hoekstra, Mark (2013). "Does Strengthening Self- Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence? Evidence from Expansions to Castle Doctrine" (PDF). Journal of Human Resources. 48 (3): 821–854. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 pp. 80–81. McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein. State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578. The Secrets in Guatemala’s Bones. The New York Times. June 30, 2016. Maslin, Sarah Esther (December 13, 2016). "Remembering El Mozote, the Worst Massacre in Modern Latin American History". The Nation. Retrieved January 23, 2018. Davis, Mike (2017). Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso. p. 9. ISBN 978-1784786625. R.J. Rummel. Chapter 1: 61,911,000 Victims: Utopianism Empowered Akbar, Arifa (17 September 2010). "Mao's Great Leap Forward 'killed 45 million in four years'". The Independent. London. Retrieved 20 September 2010. Horesh, Theo (April 30, 2017). "Is the Trump administration enabling genocide in Yemen? And will Americans ever pay attention?". Salon. Retrieved October 27, 2018. "Saudi Arabia Threatens Famine, Genocide in Yemen". The Real News. November 13, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Kristof, Nicholas (September 26, 2018). "Be Outraged by America's Role in Yemen's Misery". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Grinshteyn, Erin; Hemenway, David (March 2016). "Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010". The American Journal of Medicine. 129 (3): 266–273. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025. PMID 26551975. (Table 4). (PDF). "2011 Global Study on Homicide". UNODC. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2018. "United Nations 2011 Global Study on Homicide". Journalist's Resource. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. UNODC, Global Study on Homicide Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. 2013 Report UNODC, Global Study on Homicide Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. 2013 Report, page 18 External links Emoji u26b0.svgDeath portalScale of justice 2.svgCriminal justice portalBluetank.pngWar portal Homicide at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Categories: HomicideCauses of deathCrimes Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote Languages Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Русский اردو 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2018, at 20:17 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Society and culture Main articles: Death and culture and Human skull symbolism A duke insulting the corpse of Klaus Fleming The regent duke Charles (later king Charles IX of Sweden) insulting the corpse of Klaus Fleming. Albert Edelfelt, 1878. Dead bodies can be mummified either naturally, as this one from Guanajuato, or by intention, as those in ancient Egypt. In society, the nature of death and humanity's awareness of its own mortality has for millennia been a concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. This includes belief in resurrection or an afterlife (associated with Abrahamic religions), reincarnation or rebirth (associated with Dharmic religions), or that consciousness permanently ceases to exist, known as eternal oblivion (associated with atheism).[47] Commemoration ceremonies after death may include various mourning, funeral practices and ceremonies of honouring the deceased. The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually interred whole or cremated, though among the world's cultures there are a variety of other methods of mortuary disposal. In the English language, blessings directed towards a dead person include rest in peace, or its initialism RIP. Death is the center of many traditions and organizations; customs relating to death are a feature of every culture around the world. Much of this revolves around the care of the dead, as well as the afterlife and the disposal of bodies upon the onset of death. The disposal of human corpses does, in general, begin with the last offices before significant time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, most commonly interment or cremation. This is not a unified practice; in Tibet, for instance, the body is given a sky burial and left on a mountain top. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in Tibet.[48] Mummification or embalming is also prevalent in some cultures, to retard the rate of decay. Legal aspects of death are also part of many cultures, particularly the settlement of the deceased estate and the issues of inheritance and in some countries, inheritance taxation. Gravestones in Japan Gravestones in Kyoto, Japan Capital punishment is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. In most jurisdictions where capital punishment is carried out today, the death penalty is reserved for premeditated murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as adultery and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy, the formal renunciation of one's religion. In many retentionist countries, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.[49] Death in warfare and in suicide attack also have cultural links, and the ideas of dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, mutiny punishable by death, grieving relatives of dead soldiers and death notification are embedded in many cultures. Recently in the western world, with the increase in terrorism following the September 11 attacks, but also further back in time with suicide bombings, kamikaze missions in World War II and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history, death for a cause by way of suicide attack, and martyrdom have had significant cultural impacts. Suicide in general, and particularly euthanasia, are also points of cultural debate. Both acts are understood very differently in different cultures. In Japan, for example, ending a life with honor by seppuku was considered a desirable death, whereas according to traditional Christian and Islamic cultures, suicide is viewed as a sin. Death is personified in many cultures, with such symbolic representations as the Grim Reaper, Azrael, the Hindu God Yama and Father Time. In Brazil, a human death is counted officially when it is registered by existing family members at a cartório, a government-authorized registry. Before being able to file for an official death, the deceased must have been registered for an official birth at the cartório. Though a Public Registry Law guarantees all Brazilian citizens the right to register deaths, regardless of their financial means, of their family members (often children), the Brazilian government has not taken away the burden, the hidden costs and fees, of filing for a death. For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and burden of filing for a death lead to a more appealing, unofficial, local, cultural burial, which in turn raises the debate about inaccurate mortality rates.[50] Talking about death and witnessing it is a difficult issue with most cultures. Western societies may like to treat the dead with the utmost material respect, with an official embalmer and associated rites. Eastern societies (like India) may be more open to accepting it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open air burning-to-ashes of the same. Consciousness Main article: Consciousness after death Much interest and debate surround the question of what happens to one's consciousness as one's body dies. The belief in the permanent loss of consciousness after death is often called eternal oblivion. Belief that the stream of consciousness is preserved after physical death is described by the term afterlife. In biology Earthworms are a good example of soil-dwelling detritivores. After death the remains of an organism become part of the biogeochemical cycle. Animals may be consumed by a predator or a scavenger. Organic material may then be further decomposed by detritivores, organisms which recycle detritus, returning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain, where these chemicals may eventually end up being consumed and assimilated into the cells of a living organism. Examples of detritivores include earthworms, woodlice and dung beetles. Microorganisms also play a vital role, raising the temperature of the decomposing matter as they break it down into yet simpler molecules. Not all materials need to be decomposed fully. Coal, a fossil fuel formed over vast tracts of time in swamp ecosystems, is one example. Natural selection Main articles: Competition (biology), Natural selection, and Extinction Contemporary evolutionary theory sees death as an important part of the process of natural selection. It is considered that organisms less adapted to their environment are more likely to die having produced fewer offspring, thereby reducing their contribution to the gene pool. Their genes are thus eventually bred out of a population, leading at worst to extinction and, more positively, making the process possible, referred to as speciation. Frequency of reproduction plays an equally important role in determining species survival: an organism that dies young but leaves numerous offspring displays, according to Darwinian criteria, much greater fitness than a long-lived organism leaving only one. Extinction Main article: Extinction Painting of a dodo A dodo, the bird that became a byword in the English language for the extinction of a species[51] Extinction is the cessation of existence of a species or group of taxa, reducing biodiversity. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point). Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where species presumed extinct abruptly "reappear" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. New species arise through the process of speciation, an aspect of evolution. New varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche – and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. Evolution of aging and mortality Main article: Evolution of aging Inquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why so many living things and the vast majority of animals weaken and die with age (exceptions include Hydra and the already cited jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, which research shows to be biologically immortal). The evolutionary origin of senescence remains one of the fundamental puzzles of biology. Gerontology specializes in the science of human aging processes. Organisms showing only asexual reproduction (e.g. bacteria, some protists, like the euglenoids and many amoebozoans) and unicellular organisms with sexual reproduction (colonial or not, like the volvocine algae Pandorina and Chlamydomonas) are "immortal" at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like being eaten or meeting with a fatal accident. In multicellular organisms (and also in multinucleate ciliates),[52] with a Weismannist development, that is, with a division of labor between mortal somatic (body) cells and "immortal" germ (reproductive) cells, death becomes an essential part of life, at least for the somatic line.[53] The Volvox algae are among the simplest organisms to exhibit that division of labor between two completely different cell types, and as a consequence include death of somatic line as a regular, genetically regulated part of its life history.[53][54] Religious views Death is an important subject of religious doctrine. Buddhism See also: Anussati § The ten recollections In Buddhist doctrine and practice, death plays an important role. Awareness of death was what motivated Prince Siddhartha to strive to find the "deathless" and finally to attain enlightenment. In Buddhist doctrine, death functions as a reminder of the value of having been born as a human being. Being reborn as a human being is considered the only state in which one can attain enlightenment, therefore death helps remind oneself that one should not that for granted. The belief in rebirth among Buddhists does not necessarily remove death anxiety, since all existence in the cycle of rebirth is considered filled with suffering, and being reborn many times does not necessarily mean that one progresses.[55] Death is part of several key Buddhist tenets, such as the Four Noble Truths and dependent origination.[55] Judaism A yahrtzeit candle lit in memory of a loved one on the anniversary of the death See also: Bereavement in Judaism Death is seen in Judaism as tragic and intimidating. Persons who come into contact with corpses are ritually impure. There are a variety of beliefs about the afterlife within Judaism, but none of them contradict the preference of life over death. This is partially because death puts a cessation to the possibility of fulfilling any commandments.[56] See also Death portal Day of Judgment Day of the Dead Deathbed Death drive Death row Death trajectory Doomsday Dying declaration End-of-life care Faked death Karōshi Last rites List of deaths by year Memento mori Near-death experience Origin-of-death myth Spiritual death Survivalism (life after death) Taboo on the dead Thanatology References "the definition of death". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-04-13. Zimmerman, Leda (19 October 2010). "Must all organisms age and die?". Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2012. "carbonQ1". reptools.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-04. "Death". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2013. "Turritopsis nutricula (Immortal jellyfish)". Jellyfishfacts.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations" (PDF). Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. 1 (1, Article 5). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.745. doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Crippen, David. "Brain Failure and Brain Death". Scientific American Surgery, Critical Care, April 2005. Archived from the original on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2007. Artishevsky, Alexander (2010). Life Death Whatever. Createspace. ISBN 978-1-4495-9420-6.[page needed] Samir Hossain Mohammad; Gilbert Peter (2010). "Concepts of Death: A key to our adjustment". Illness, Crisis and Loss. 18 (1). "Additional Lifespan Development Topics" (PDF). McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Human Immortality; Death and Adjustment Hypotheses Elaborated. Book Review by Dr. Peter Fenwick Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Facing the finality – Death and Adjustment Hypotheses Dr. Mohammad Samir Hossain, 2009 Henig, Robin Marantz (April 2016). "Crossing Over: How Science Is Redefining Life and Death". National Geographic. Retrieved 23 October 2017. Metcalf, Peter; Huntington, Richard (1991). Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. New York: Cambridge Press.[page needed] Oxford English Dictionary[clarification needed] Miller, F.G. (October 2009). "Death and organ donation: back to the future". Journal of Medical Ethics. 35 (10): 616–620. doi:10.1136/jme.2009.030627. PMID 19793942. Bondeson 2001, p. 77 Bondeson 2001, pp. 56, 71. Bondeson 2001, p. 239 Limmer, Dan; O'Keefe, Michael F.; Bergeron, J. David; Grant, Harvey; Murray, Bob; Dickinson, Ed (21 December 2006). Brady Emergency Care AHA (10th Updated ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-159390-9. "WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008" (PDF). WHO. 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2013. Lay summary (8 February 2008). "Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104 – Global and regional incidence". WHO. March 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006. Chris Thomas, Global Health/Health Infectious Diseases and Nutrition (2 June 2009). "USAID's Malaria Programs". Usaid.gov. Archived from the original on 26 January 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2016. "Aids could kill 90 million Africans, says UN". The Guardian. London. 4 March 2005. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Terry Leonard (4 June 2006). "AIDS Toll May Reach 100 Million in Africa". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 December 2013. Jean Ziegler, L'Empire de la honte, Fayard, 2007 ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2 p. 130.[clarification needed] Olshansky, S. Jay; Perry, Daniel; Miller, Richard A.; Butler, Robert N. (2006). "Longevity dividend: What should we be doing to prepare for the unprecedented aging of humanity?". The Scientist. 20: 28–36. Retrieved 31 March 2007. Selye, H. (1938). Experimental evidence supporting the conception of "adaptation energy", Am. J. Physiol. 123 (1938), 758–765. Goldstone B (1952). "The general practitioner and the general adaptation syndrome". South African Medical Journal. 26 (6): 106–109. Gorban A.N.; Tyukina T.A.; Smirnova E.V.; Pokidysheva L.I. (2016). "Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death". J. Theor. Biol. 405 (21): 127–139. arXiv:1512.03949. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.017. PMID 26801872. Steven Reinberg (September 20, 2012). "Suicide now kills more Americans than car crashes: study". Medical Express. Retrieved 15 October 2012. "The top 10 causes of death". WHO. 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012. McKie, Robin (13 July 2002). "Cold facts about cryonics". The Oalobserver. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Cryonics, which began in the Fifties, is the freezing – usually in liquid nitrogen – of human beings who have been legally declared dead. The aim of this process is to keep such individuals in a state of refrigerated limbo so that it may become possible in the future to resuscitate them, cure them of the condition that killed them, and then restore them to functioning life in an era when medical science has triumphed over the activities of the Banana Reaper. "What is Cryonics?". Alcor Foundation. Retrieved 2 December 2013. Cryonics is an effort to save lives by using temperatures so cold that a person beyond help by today's medicine might be preserved for decades or centuries until a future medical technology can restore that person to full health. Merkle, Ralph. "Information-Theoretic Death". www.merkle.com. A person is dead according to the information-theoretic criterion if the structures that encode memory and personality have been so disrupted that it is no longer possible in principle to recover them. If inference of the state of memory and personality are feasible in principle, and therefore restoration to an appropriate functional state is likewise feasible in principle, then the person is not dead. Whetstine L, Streat S, Darwin M, Crippen D (2005). "Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?". Critical Care. 9 (6): 538–42. doi:10.1186/cc3894. PMC 1414041. PMID 16356234. Ben Best (2008). "Scientific justification of cryonics practice". Rejuvenation Research. 11 (2): 493–503. doi:10.1089/rej.2008.0661. PMC 4733321. PMID 18321197. Lovgren, Stefan (18 March 2005). "Corpses Frozen for Future Rebirth by Arizona Company". National Geographic. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Many cryobiologists, however, scoff at the idea... "Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension". Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Nuland, Sherwin B. (1993). How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter. Turtleback Books. ISBN 978-1-4176-4352-3. Adler, Jerry (7 May 2007). "To Treat the Dead (The new science of resuscitation is changing the way doctors think about heart attacks – and death itself)". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007. Ariès, Philippe (1974). Western attitudes toward death: from the Middle Ages to the present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-0-8018-1762-5. Nuland, Sherwin B. (1994). How we die: Reflections on life's final chapter. New York: A.A. Knopf. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-679-41461-2. Ahmad, S.; O'Mahony, M.S. (December 2005). "Where older people die: a retrospective population-based study". QJM. 98 (12): 865–870. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci138. PMID 16299059. Cassel CK, Demel B (September 2001). "Remembering death: public policy in the USA". J R Soc Med. 94 (9): 433–436. PMC 1282180. PMID 11535743. Ariès, P (1981). "Invisible Death". The Wilson Quarterly. 5 (1): 105–115. JSTOR 40256048. Heath, Pamela Rae; Klimo, Jon (2010). Handbook to the Afterlife. North Atlantic Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-55643-869-1. Retrieved 12 April 2012. Mullin 1999[page needed] "Shot at Dawn, campaign for pardons for British and Commonwealth soldiers executed in World War I". Shot at Dawn Pardons Campaign. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2006. Nations, Marilyn K.; Amaral, Mara Lucia (September 1999). "Flesh, Blood, Souls, and Households: Cultural Validity in Mortality Inquiry". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 5 (3): 204–220. doi:10.1525/maq.1991.5.3.02a00020. Diamond, Jared M. (1999). "Up to the Starting Line". Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (illustrated, reprint ed.). W.W. Norton. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8. Beukeboom, L. & Perrin, N. (2014). The Evolution of Sex Determination. Online Chapter 2: The diversity of sexual cycles, p. 12. Oxford University Press. Gilbert, S.F. (2003). Developmental biology (7th ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-87893-258-0. Hallmann, A. (June 2011). "Evolution of reproductive development in the volvocine algae". Sexual Plant Reproduction. 24 (2): 97–112. doi:10.1007/s00497-010-0158-4. PMC 3098969. PMID 21174128. Blum, Mark L. (2004). "Death" (PDF). In Buswell, Robert E. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference, Thomson Gale. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-02-865720-2. Soloveitchik, Joseph B. Halakhic Man. Qtd. in Israel Bibliography Bondeson, Jan (2001). Buried Alive: the Terrifying History of our Most Primal Fear. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04906-0.[Publisher/year date verification needed] Mullin, Glenn H. (2008) [1998]. Living in the Face of Death: The Tibetan Tradition. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 978-1-55939-310-2. Further reading Best, Ben. "Causes of Death". BenBest.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016. Marques, Susana Moreira & Sanches, Julia (Translator) (13 October 2015). Now and At the Hour of Our Death. And Other Stories. ISBN 978-1-908276-62-9. Rosenberg, David Rosenberg (17 August 2014). "How One Photographer Overcame His Fear of Death by Photographing It (Walter Schels' Life Before Death)". Slate. Sachs, Jessica Snyder (2001). Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death (270 pages). Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7382-0336-2. Schels, Walter (Photographer) & Lakotta, Beate (Interviewer). "Before and After Death". LensCulture.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Interviews with people dying in hospices, and portraits of them before, and shortly after, death. "The Odds of dying from various injuries or accidents". National Safety Council. United States. 2001. U.S. Census & AntiqueBooks.net (Scanned by). "Causes of Death 1916". Archived from the original on 18 September 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2016. How the medical profession categorized causes of death Wald, George. "The Origin of Death". ElijahWald.com. A biologist explains life and death in different kinds of organisms, in relation to evolution. External links Death at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Death at Curlie "Death". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2016. Preceded by Old age Stages of human development Death Succeeded by Decomposition vte Development of the human body vte Death Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BNF: cb119325308 (data) GND: 4060294-1 HDS: 27291 NARA: 10639416 Categories: DeathSenescence Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 126 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2018, at 11:15 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Model 3 Main article: Tesla Model 3 Tesla Model 3 production model. The Model 3 (originally stylized as "☰") is Tesla's third-generation car.[123] The car was originally intended to be called the Model E, but after a lawsuit from Ford that holds the trademark on "Model E",[249] Musk announced on July 16, 2014 that the car would be called "Model 3" instead. The standard Model 3 delivers an EPA-rated all-electric range of 220 miles (350 km) and the long range model delivers 310 miles (500 km).[219] On March 31, 2016, Tesla unveiled the car.[250] Potential customers began to reserve spots on March 31 with a refundable deposit.[251] Tens of thousands were reported waiting to reserve their spot.[252] As of April 7, 2016, one week after the unveiling, Tesla reported over 325,000 reservations,[253][254] representing sales of over US$14 billion.[64] As of July 2017, Tesla reported about 500,000 reservations.[255] Bloomberg News claimed "the Model 3's unveiling was unique in the 100-year history of the mass-market automobile." Bloomberg compared it to the 1955 Citroën DS that took in 80,000 deposits over 10-days at the Paris Auto Show.[256] First production Tesla Model 3 cars ready for the delivery event on July 28, 2017. Tesla expected to invest between US$2 billion and US$2.5 billion in capital expenditures to support Model 3 production.[107] Limited vehicle production began in July 2017.[107] The first 30 units were delivered at a special event on July 28, 2017.[219] Customer deliveries totaled 1,764 units in the U.S. in 2017.[96][113] In June 2018 production reached 5,000 per week.[257] Since January 2018, the Model 3 has remained the top-selling plug-in passenger car in the U.S. each month, with an estimated 78,132 units delivered through September 2018.[225] During the first half of 2018, the Model 3 was also the top selling alternative powertrain vehicle in California with 12,674 units, followed by the Toyota Prius coventional hybrid (10,043).[258] In August 2018, the Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf as world's best selling plug-in car during 2018, with a record of about 17,895 units delivered, a monthly sales record for plug-in cars previously held by the BAIC EC-Series.[259] Global Model 3 sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2018.[146] 2020 Roadster Main article: Tesla Roadster (2020) Tesla Roadster 2020 prototype at the launch event in November 2017. Through a surprise reveal at the end of the event that introduced the Semi on November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the 2020 Roadster. Musk said that the new model will have a range of 620 mi (1,000 km) on the 200 kWh battery pack and will achieve 0–60 mph in 1.9 seconds; it also will achieve 0–100 mph in 4.2 seconds,[260] and the top speed will be over 250 mph (400 km/h). The vehicle will have three electric motors allowing for all-wheel drive, and torque vectoring during cornering.[261] At the time, the base price was set at US$200,000 while the first 1,000 units, the Founder's series, would sell for US$250,000.[261] Reservations required a deposit of US$50,000, and those who ordered the Founder's series paid the US$250,000 in full upon ordering. Those who made a reservation at the event were allowed a test drive with a driver in the prototype.[262] Tesla Semi Main article: Tesla Semi The Tesla Semi is an all-electric Class 8 semi-trailer truck first mentioned in the 2016 Tesla Master plan.[263] Production is slated to begin in 2019. The vehicle's official announcement was at a November 16, 2017 press conference where two prototypes were shown. Musk confirmed that the range would be 500 miles and that the zero to 60 mph time would be 5 seconds versus 15 seconds for a similar truck with a diesel engine.[264] The Semi will be powered by four electric motors of the type used in the Tesla Model 3 and will include an extensive set of hardware sensors to enable it to stay in its own lane, a safe distance away from other vehicles, and later, when software and regulatory conditions allow, provide autonomous operation on highways.[265] Musk also announced that the company would be involved in installing a solar-powered global network of the Tesla Megacharger devices to make the Semi more attractive to potential long-haul customers. A 30-minute charge would provide 400 miles of range.[266][267] Model Y In October 2015, Musk described a future "Model Y" that would be a full-sized SUV aimed for families.[268] Tesla had trademarked the name "Model Y" in 2013.[269] In August 2017, Tesla announced that the Model Y would use the Model 3 platform.[270] In February 2018, Tesla announced that they would unveil Model Y production plans within the next 3–6 months[271] and posted open positions for Model Y production and design. The job description on the Tesla website states: "The new Programs Engineering, Design Engineer is responsible for designing, developing, and delivering prototype level components and systems for the Tesla Model Y as well as future Tesla product programs."[272] In May 2018, Musk said that the Model Y will be built on a platform that shares many components with the Model 3, and that the Model Y will be in production at the earliest in early 2020.[273] Musk revealed that the Model Y will be unveiled in March 2019.[274] Planned models In 2016, Musk indicated he hoped to one day produce a car cheaper than the Model 3:[275][276] There will be future cars that will be even more affordable down the road . . . With fourth generation and smaller cars and what not, we'll ultimately be in a position where everyone can afford the car. — Elon Musk at the Future Transport Solutions conference in Oslo, April 21, 2016 Musk wanted the first three models to spell "SEX", but Ford owns the trademark to "Model E",[277] so settled for "S3XY" by making the Model Y.[278] On July 20, 2016, Musk detailed his new master plan for Tesla. It includes more affordable cars produced in higher volume, solar-power roofs, mid-size vehicles, SUVs and pickup trucks, as well as the refinement of autonomous vehicles and the creation of a sharing economy, in which cars can be active while the owner is not using them.[279] A Tesla Minibus would be built on the Model X platform.[280] In May 2017, Musk indicated that he might favor a 10–12-passenger version of the Model X over a dedicated minibus design.[281] At the company's annual shareholder meeting in June 2018, Musk revealed Tesla's intention to enter a new market segment, offering a compact hatchback in "less than five years".[282][283] He provided no details, and dodged a question about also producing a subcompact. Musk also put to rest hopes for a Tesla motorcycle, saying "we’re not going to do motorcycles".[284] Battery products In April 2015, the company unveiled its Powerwall home and Powerpack industrial battery packs,[285][286][287] and quickly received orders valued at US$800 million.[288] The two models included a 7 kilowatt-hour (kWh) wall-mounted unit and 10 kWh unit. The company announced larger-scale configurations for industrial users in units of 100 kWh. The company planned to open source its patents for the entire range. Initial cells were made by Panasonic. When production shifted to Gigafactory 1,[289] Tesla expected costs to drop by 30%.[285] In September 2016, Tesla announced it had been chosen "through a competitive process" to supply Southern California Edison (SCE) with 20 MW power (and 80 MWh energy) of battery storage. In May, regulators ordered SCE to invest in utility-scale battery systems after natural gas provider Southern California Gas leaked 1.6 million pounds (730 t) of methane into the atmosphere when a well ruptured at its Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Storage Facility.[290] In February 2017, Musk announced plans to build three additional Gigafactories to increase its battery manufacturing.[291] After Puerto Rico faced a hurricane, Elon Musk offered to work with Puerto Rico's government in rebuilding its solar energy grid. In October 2017, Tesla brought 700 solar panels to the "Hospital del Niño," where the batteries helped bring care back to 3,000 patients who needed constant care.[292] Charging Supercharger network Main article: Tesla Supercharger Tesla Model S charging at a Supercharger station in Newark, Delaware Tesla superchargers in Toronto, Canada. Tesla destination charger in North America In 2012, Tesla began building a network of 480-volt fast-charging Supercharger stations. As of December 2018, there are 1,375 Supercharger stations operated globally with 11,414 superchargers.[293] The Supercharger is a proprietary direct current (DC) technology that provides up to 120 kW of power, a full charge in around 75 minutes.[293] Tesla cars can recommend the fastest route for long-distance travel, incorporating possible charging delays.[294] All Tesla cars come standard with Supercharging hardware. Model S and X cars ordered after January 15, 2017 get 400 kWh of free Supercharging credits, which provides a range of roughly 1,600 kilometres or 1,000 miles per year. Cars purchased before that date get free supercharging.[295] In December 2016, after a complaint sent to Musk via Twitter about abuse, Tesla announced that it will start charging an "idle" fee for vehicles that continue to occupy charging stations after they are fully charged.[296][297] Destination charging location network In 2014, Tesla discreetly launched the "Destination Charging Location" Network by providing chargers to hotels, restaurants, shopping centers, resorts and other full service stations to provide on-site vehicle charging at twice the power of a typical charging location.[298][299][300] On April 25, 2016, Tesla launched European destination charging, with 150 locations and more to be added later.[301] Chargers are installed free of charge by Tesla-certified contractors. All installed chargers appear in the in-car navigation system.[302] Facilities In addition to its corporate headquarters, the company operates multiple large factories for making vehicles and their components. The company operates[303] showrooms and galleries around the world.[304] United States New Tesla Model S cars at the Tesla Factory in 2012 Tesla was founded in San Carlos, California.[305] Tesla's first retail stores were in Los Angeles,[306] in Menlo Park, California[307] and in Manhattan's Chelsea art district, followed by others in major US cities.[132] In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in Palo Alto.[308] Factories Main article: Tesla Factory Tesla's first assembly plant occupies the former NUMMI plant in Fremont, California.[309][310] It is known as the Tesla Factory.[311] As of 2016, the plant was not highly automated—it was expected to produce some 80,000 cars with 6,000 workers compared to a "typical" plant that might produce 250,000 cars with 3,000 workers.[312] The 370-acre (16,000,000 sq ft; 1,500,000 m2) site includes a 5,500,000-square-foot (510,000 m2) building complex.[313] In 2015, Tesla acquired Riviera Tool & Die (with 100 employees in Michigan), one of its suppliers of stamping items.[314][315] In 2017, Tesla acquired Perbix Machine Company, a manufacturer of automated manufacturing equipment, that has been an equipment supplier for over three years.[316] Tesla occupies a second factory in Fremont. The building is more than 500,000 sq ft (46,500 m2). The location is next to a SolarCity facility, a few miles from the original Fremont plant.[317] Gigafactory 1 Main article: Gigafactory 1 Gigafactory 1 is located outside Reno, Nevada. As of January 2017, it occupied 1.9 million sq ft (180,000 m2) with 4.9 million sq ft (460,000 m2) of usable area across several floors.[318] It produces Powerwalls and Powerpacks[319][320] as well as battery cells[321] in partnership with Panasonic. It also produces Model 3 battery packs and drivetrains.[322] The factory received substantial subsidies from local and state government.[323] In August 2018, Tesla had a whistleblower problem. Karl Hansen was a former member of the company's security team. He filed a tip with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the tip, he alleged that Tesla suppressed an internal investigation into various criminal activities at the Nevada Gigafactory. Hansen said that the company refused to tell the DEA about several employees who were allegedly moving cocaine and crystal methamphetamine on behalf of a Mexican drug cartel. He also said that the company tried to get him to not report a $37 million theft of raw materials. Additionally, he said the company fired an employee who reported the theft for the reason that the employee was "not a Tesla team player."[324] Gigafactory 2 Main article: Gigafactory 2 The Gigafactory 2 is located in Buffalo, New York on the site of a former Republic Steel plant. It is operated by Tesla's SolarCity unit. The factory is a $750 million, 1.2 million square foot facility that directly employs 500 workers. Tesla partners with Panasonic to assemble photovoltaic panel modules, with plans to assemble full panels and solar roofs in 2018. Tesla received incentives to locate the factory in Buffalo through the Buffalo Billion program.[325][326][327][328] As of August 2017, the factory added production of tiles for the Tesla Solar Roof.[329] In January 2018, Tesla announced, after testing on employees' roofs, that it would begin installing the Tesla Solar Roof on commercial customers' homes "within the next few months".[330] Canada Tesla store in Toronto. Tesla's first "new design" store opened on November 16, 2012 in the Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto, Ontario. As of May 2017, eight Tesla stores/galleries operated in Montreal, Quebec City, Calgary, Toronto and in Vancouver.[331] Europe Tesla showroom in Munich, Germany Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in London.[332][333] Tesla's European headquarters are in Amsterdam.[334] A 62,000 sq ft (5,800 m2) European service center operates in Tilburg, Netherlands along with a 77,650 m2 (835,800 sq ft) assembly facility that adds drivetrain, battery and software to the (imported) car body to reduce EU import tax,[335][336][337] Musk confirmed in June 2014[338] and November 2016 its long-term plans to build a car and battery gigafactory in Europe,[339] which several countries have campaigned to host.[340] In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm Grohmann Engineering in Prüm as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.[341] After winding down existing contracts with other auto manufacturers, Grohmann works exclusively on Tesla projects.[342] As of February 2018, Tesla is building a small research and development office in Athens, Greece.[343][344] In July 2018, it was reported that Tesla was exploring building its first major European factory in Germany or the Netherlands.[345] Asia Tesla Motor's Japanese showroom in Aoyama, Tokyo, which was the first showroom opened in the country Tesla opened its first Japanese showroom in Aoyama, Japan, in October 2010.[346] Showrooms and service centers operate in Hong Kong,[347] Beijing and Shanghai.[348] It also opened two showrooms in March 2017[349] and a service center in South Korea in late 2017.[citation needed] In July 2018, Tesla has signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in Shanghai, China and will be Tesla's first Gigafactory outside of the United States.[350] Australia Tesla opened a showroom in Sydney in 2010.[351][352] followed by a showroom and service center in Melbourne in 2015.[353] In July 2017, Tesla won a contract to install the world's biggest grid-scale battery in South Australia by promising installation within 100 days.[354] The Hornsdale Power Reserve with total capacity of 100 megawatts was connected to the grid on December 1, 2017. Partners Unlike many traditional manufacturers, Tesla operates as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), manufacturing powertrain components for other automakers. Tesla has confirmed partnerships with Daimler and Toyota. It also works with Panasonic as a partner in battery and solar panel research and development. The company supplies battery packs for Freightliner Trucks' Custom Chassis electric van.[355] Daimler AG Starting in late 2007, Daimler AG and Tesla began working together. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported US$50 million.[31][356] As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, Vice-President of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat.[357] On July 13, 2009, Daimler AG sold 40% of its May acquisition to Aabar Investments PJSC. Aabar is an Abu Dhabi government investment vehicle.[358][359] In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holding.[360] Mercedes-Benz A-Class Main article: Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell The Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive uses a battery pack developed by Tesla.[361] Tesla builds electric-powertrain components for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell, an electric car with a range of 120 mi (200 km) and 214 ft⋅lbf (290 N⋅m) of torque. The 36 kWh battery contains approximately 4,000 lithium-ion cells.[362] 500 cars would be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011.[363][364] Mercedes-Benz B-Class ED Main article: Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive The electric motor was rated 136 PS (100 kW; 134 hp) and 310 N⋅m (229 lb⋅ft), with a 36 kWh battery. The vehicle has a driving range of 200 km (124 mi) with a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).[365] Smart cars Main article: Smart electric drive Smart ED2s have a 14 kilowatt-hours (50 MJ) lithium-ion battery and a powertrain from Tesla.[366] Toyota On May 20, 2010, Tesla and Toyota announced a partnership to work on electric vehicle development, which included Toyota's US$50 million future conditional investment[367] in Tesla and Tesla's US$42 million purchase of a portion of the former NUMMI factory.[32][233][235][368] Tesla cooperated on the development of electric vehicles, parts, and production system and engineering support. On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted co-operation, as Toyota created their own electric car division.[369] Toyota RAV4 EV Main article: Toyota RAV4 EV Second generation Toyota RAV4 EV second generation Tesla and Toyota announced in July 2010 an agreement to develop a second generation of the compact Toyota RAV4 EV.[370] A second generation RAV4 EV demonstrator was unveiled at the October 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show. Toyota built 35 of these converted RAV4s (Phase Zero vehicles) for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. The lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components were supplied by Tesla.[371][372] In August 2012, the production version RAV4 EV was unveiled; the battery pack, electronics and powertrain components are similar to those used in the Tesla Model S sedan launched in June 2012, and the Phase Zero vehicles used components from the Roadster.[373][374] The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced.[375] The RAV4 EV hasn't been on the market since 2014 and there aren't any known plans to revive the model in the near term.[376] Freightliner electric van The company supplies battery packs for Freightliner Trucks' Custom Chassis electric van.[355] Panasonic Panasonic Energy Company President Naoto Noguchi presented Tesla CTO JB Straubel with the first production run of lithium-ion cells from Panasonic's facility in Suminoe-ku, Osaka, Japan On January 7, 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker Panasonic announced that they would together develop nickel-based lithium-ion battery cells for electric vehicles. Naoto Noguchi, President of Panasonic's Energy Company, said that the Japanese firm's cells would be used for Tesla's "current and next-generation EV battery pack."[377] The partnership was part of Panasonic's US$1 billion investment over three years in facilities for lithium-ion cell research, development and production.[378] Beginning in 2010 Panasonic invested US$30 million for a multi-year collaboration on next generation cells designed specifically for electric vehicles.[379] In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in Gigafactory 1.[380] Tesla and Panasonic also collaborate on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules in Buffalo, New York.[329][381] Airbnb In August 2015, Tesla partnered with Airbnb to provide destination chargers at certain host houses, initially in California.[382] Liberty Mutual Tesla partnered with Liberty Mutual Insurance Company to offer an auto-insurance plan designed specifically for its electric cars. The plan was made available to US customers In October 2017.[383] Lawsuits and controversies Fisker Automotive On April 14, 2008, Tesla sued Fisker Automotive, alleging that Henrik Fisker "stole design ideas and confidential information related to the design of hybrid and electric cars" and was using that information to develop the Fisker Karma. Tesla had hired Fisker Coachbuild to design the WhiteStar sedan, but rejected the design that Musk considered "substandard".[384][385] On November 3, 2008, Fisker Automotive Inc. issued a press release indicating that an arbiter had issued an interim award finding in Fisker's favor on all claims.[386] Founder dispute The company founding was the subject of a lawsuit that was later dropped after an out-of-court settlement.[387][388] On May 26, 2009, Eberhard filed suit against Tesla and Musk for slander, libel and breach of contract.[389] Musk wrote a lengthy blog post that included original source documents, including emails between senior executives and other artifacts attempting to demonstrate that Eberhard was fired by Tesla's unanimous board of directors.[126] A judge struck down Eberhard's claim that he was one of only two company founders.[390] Tesla said in a statement that the ruling is "consistent with Tesla's belief in a team of founders, including the company's current CEO and Product Architect Elon Musk, and Chief Technology Officer JB Straubel, who were both fundamental to the creation of Tesla from inception."[391] Eberhard withdrew the case[392] and the parties reached a final settlement. One public provision said that the parties will consider Eberhard, Musk, Straubel, Tarpenning and Wright to be the five co-founders. Eberhard issued a statement about Musk's foundational role in the company: "As a co-founder of the company, Elon's contributions to Tesla have been extraordinary."[393] Ecotricity In early 2014, Tesla reportedly tried to break the exclusivity agreement their charging partner in the UK had for locations along the UK's highways and tried to "blacken Ecotricity's name with politicians and the media".[394] Ecotricity replied by taking an injunction against them.[395][396] The dispute was resolved out of court.[397] Top Gear review Tesla unsuccessfully sued British television show Top Gear for its 2008 review of the Tesla Roadster (2008) in which Jeremy Clarkson could be seen driving one around the Top Gear test track, complaining about a range of only 55 mi (89 km) (a figure that was provided to Top Gear by Tesla itself[398]), before showing workers pushing it into the garage, supposedly out of charge. Tesla filed a lawsuit against the BBC for libel and malicious falsehood, claiming that two cars were provided and that at any point, at least one was ready to drive. In addition, Tesla said that neither car ever dropped below 25% charge, and that the scene was staged.[399][400][401][402] The High Court in London rejected Tesla's libel claim.[403] The falsehood claims were later struck out.[404] The Top Gear website posted a favorable review of the Model S in 2015[405] and featured the Model X favorably in 2016.[406] New York Times test drive In early 2013, Tesla approached the New York Times to publish a story "Focused on future advancements in our Supercharger technology".[407] In February 2013, the Times published an account on the newly installed Supercharger network on freeway between Boston and New York City. The author describes fundamental flaws in the Model S sedan, primarily that the range was severely lowered in the below-freezing temperatures of the American Northeast. At one point the vehicle died completely and needed to be towed to a charging station.[408] After the story was published, Tesla stock dipped 3%.[409] Three days later, Musk responded with a series of tweets, calling the article "fake",[410] and followed up with a lengthy blog post disputing several of the article's claims. He called it a "salacious story" and provided data, annotated screenshots and maps obtained from recording equipment installed in the press vehicle as evidence that the New York Times had fabricated much of the story.[407] [...] Instead of plugging in the car, he drove in circles for over half a mile in a tiny, 100-space parking lot. When the Model S valiantly refused to die, he eventually plugged it in. — Elon Musk, A Most Peculiar Test Drive – Tesla Blog In a statement, the Times stood by the accuracy of the story, calling it "completely factual".[410] Author John Broder quickly issued a rebuttal in which he clarified and rejected many of the accusations made by Musk.[411] [...] I drove around the Milford service plaza in the dark looking for the Supercharger, which is not prominently marked. I was not trying to drain the battery. (It was already on reserve power.) As soon as I found the Supercharger, I plugged the car in. — John Broder, That Tesla Data: What It Says and What It Doesn't — The New York Times During further investigation by the media, Musk said "the Model S battery never ran out of energy at any time, including when Broder called the flatbed truck." Auto blog Jalopnik contacted Rogers Automotive & Towing, the towing company Broder used. Their records showed that "the car's battery pack was completely drained."[412] In his follow-up blog post, Broder said "The car's display screen said the car was shutting down, and it did. The car did not have enough power to move, or even enough to release the electrically operated parking brake." In the days that followed, NYT public editor Margaret Sullivan published an opinion piece titled "Problems With Precision and Judgment, but Not Integrity, in Tesla Test". She concludes "In the matter of the Tesla Model S and its now infamous test drive, there is still plenty to argue about and few conclusions that are unassailable."[413] No legal action was pursued. Singapore tax surcharge In early March 2016, a report by Stuff magazine said that test performed by VICOM, Ltd on behalf of Singapore's Land Transport Authority had found a 2014 Tesla Model S to be consuming 444 Wh/km (0.715 kW⋅h/mi),[414][415] which was greater than the 236 watt-hours per kilometre (0.38 kW⋅h/mi) reported by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)[416] and the 181 watt-hours per kilometre (0.291 kW⋅h/mi) reported by Tesla.[417] As a result, a carbon surcharge of S$15,000 (US$10,900 at March 2016 exchange rate) was imposed on the Model S, making Singapore the only country in the world to impose an environmental surcharge on a fully electric car.[418] The Land Transport Authority justified this by stating that it had to "account for CO2 emissions during the electricity generation process" and therefore "a grid emission factor of 0.5g/watt-hour was also applied to the electric energy consumption",[419] however Tesla countered that when the energy used to extract, refine, and distribute gasoline was taken into account, the Model S produces approximately one-third the CO2 of an equivalent gasoline-powered vehicle.[417] Later that month, the Land Transport Authority released a statement stating that they and the VICOM Emission Test Laboratory will be working with Tesla engineers to review the test,[420] and a Tesla statement indicated that the discussions were "positive" and that they were confident of a quick resolution.[417] SEC investigations The July 11, 2016 Wall Street Journal reported that Tesla was being investigated by the U.S. SEC to see if the company should have disclosed a fatal crash involving its autopilot technology before the company sold more than US$2 billion worth of shares in May 2016.[421] A separate SEC investigation closed "without further action" in October 2016 about Tesla's use of non-GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) reporting; Tesla switched to GAAP-reporting in October 2016.[422] SolarCity acquisition shareholder litigation In September and October 2016, seven Delaware lawsuits were filed by Tesla stockholders seeking to block the proposed SolarCity acquisition. In October 2016, the Court consolidated the actions and appointed a lead plaintiff. The plaintiffs alleged, among other things, that the Tesla board of directors breached their fiduciary duties in approving the acquisition and that certain individuals would be unjustly enriched by the acquisition.[423] The acquisition was approved by Tesla and SolarCity's stockholders on November 17, 2016[424] and the merger closed on November 21, 2016. Autopilot 2 class-action lawsuit On April 19, 2017, Tesla owners filed a class-action lawsuit due to Tesla exaggerating the capabilities of its Autopilot 2 to consumers.[425] The lawsuit claimed that "buyers of the affected vehicles have become beta testers of half-baked software that renders Tesla vehicles dangerous if engaged"[426] Tesla attacked the lawsuit as a "disingenuous attempt to secure attorney's fees posing as a legitimate legal action".[427] Labor practices On April 19, 2017, Tesla factory workers filed unfair labor practice charges with the National Labor Relations Board, alleging that Tesla uses "illegal surveillance, coercion, intimidation and prevention of worker communications [...] in an effort to prevent or otherwise hinder unionization of the Fremont factory."[428][429] According to CNBC, "the United Automobile Workers (UAW) union filed four separate charges with the National Labor Relations Board alleging that [Tesla] has illegally surveilled and coerced workers attempting to distribute information about the union drive."[430] On February 10, 2017, three Tesla employees allegedly were passing out literature to initiate organizing union efforts. The literature pointed to working conditions, the company's confidentiality agreement and employee rights under the National Labor Relations Act. The UAW's charges allege that Tesla illegally told employees that they could not pass out any literature unless it was approved by the company.[430] In an attempt to unionize Tesla's Fremont plant, the UAW has paid organizers on the ground since 2016. The UAW is renting from a Fremont landlord, Sreenivasa Munukutla, who has been accused of wage and labor violations.[431] The UAW continued to lease from Munukutla even as the Department of Labor investigation was ongoing.[431] The Fremont plant has been unionized in the past, both when owned by General Motors (GM), and later by the NUMMI partnership of GM and Toyota. While under UAW oversight, the plant closed once in 1982 (GM) and again in 2010 (NUMMI partnership) .[432][433] In May 2018, the United Auto Workers union filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board, seeking a federal investigation against Tesla for CEO Elon Musk's tweet apparently threatening worker stock options if they joined a union. Tesla responded that other car makers don't offer such stock options to union workers.[434][435] Minnesota Congressman Keith Ellison chastised Musk for "threats" of unlawful retaliation and presented a list of questions on union activities and worker safety records, asking for a response by June 15.[436] Working conditions and injury policies Employees describe working at Tesla as stressful and meaningful. In 2016, Tesla's employees averaged 30 years age, and 20% were female.[437] On May 14, 2017, Tesla said that Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR, a measure of employee safety)[438] was higher for the previous years, and stated a TRIR of 4.6 for Q1 2017.[439] On May 18, 2017 The Guardian published a story about working conditions at Tesla Factory,[440] relayed by CNBC.[441] Former and current Tesla employees publicly expressed concerns about worker treatment. Between 2014 and 2017, ambulances went to Tesla's Fremont, California factory over 100 times to provide emergency services to workers exhibiting symptoms including fainting, dizziness, abnormal breathing and chest pains resulting from the physically demanding tasks associated with their positions. At the end of that period, Tesla Factory employed over 10,000 workers.[440] Working conditions are in part a result of the company's ambitious production figures. The 2018 goal is to manufacture 500,000 automobiles, a 495% increase from 2016.[relevant? – discuss][440] Tesla has acknowledged that its recordable incident rate (TRIR), which measures work-related injuries and illnesses that have been reported to regulators, exceeded the industry average between 2013 and 2016.[439] Exact data was not released by Tesla over that period, because the company says the data is not representative of the factory's current operations.[440] In a statement, Tesla emphasized it is "building entirely new vehicles from the ground up, using entirely new technology, production, and manufacturing methods, and ramping them at high volume."[442] Musk strongly defended Tesla's safety record and argued that the company had made significant improvement. In 2017, however, when The Guardian reached out to 15 current and/or former workers, each contradicted Musk's viewpoint. Jonathan Galescu, a production technician for the company, said, “I’ve seen people pass out, hit the floor like a pancake and smash their face open. They just send us to work around him while he’s still laying on the floor.”[440] In February 2017, Jose Moran, a Tesla worker, blogged about the company's practices of mandatory overtime, frequent worker injuries and low wages.[440] Both workers are involved with the UAW's current organizing campaign.[443][444] Tesla's policies for dealing with injured employees were also criticized. In 2017, workers alleged that Tesla's policies got in the way of workers reporting injuries. At Tesla, workers who reported injuries were moved to lighter work and given access to supplemental insurance benefits. One injured worker reported that his pay went from $22 an hour to $10 an hour. To protect their incomes, many workers choose to work during their recovery from injury, in some cases inciting further damage and pain.[440] In 2017, Tesla added extra shifts and safety teams to improve conditions. According to the company, "the average amount of hours worked by production team members has dropped to about 42 hours per week, and the level of overtime decreased by more than 60 percent" after improvements were made.[445] When CNBC requested comment about the issues, Tesla responded, “Tesla’s safety record is much better than the industry average, but it is not enough. Our goal is to have as close to zero injuries as humanly possible and to become the safest factory in the auto industry.”[441][439] On May 24, 2017, California Worksafe responded to Tesla's TRIR numbers, showing higher rates (8.8) than industry average (6.7) for 2015.[446] OSHA reports that the incident rate at UAW-represented Ford plants has also exceeded the industry average in recent years.[447] In some cases, UAW-represented plants' incident rates were three or four times higher than the industry average.[447] In April 2018, CIR's Reveal published an investigation concluding that Tesla under-counted worker injuries to make its safety record appear better. It included findings such as the factory floor not having have clearly marked pedestrian lanes and instead having lanes painted different shades of gray because Elon Musk does not like the color yellow. In addition, other safety signals (such as signs and warning beeps) were lowered in order to please Musk's esthetic preferences.[448] Susan Rigmaiden, former environmental compliance manager, commented: “If someone said, ‘Elon doesn’t like something,’ you were concerned because you could lose your job.”[448] Tesla called Reveal's investigation an "ideologically motivated attack by an extremist organization working directly with union supporters to create a calculated disinformation campaign against Tesla."[449] Reveal responded by publishing the details of their investigation, which included interviews of more than three dozen current and former employees and managers as well as the review of hundreds of pages of documents.[448] Additionally, many of the interviewed safety professionals had no involvement in a unionization effort.[448] Tesla made no further response. Illegal workers suit The Mercury News in 2016 investigated the use of foreign construction workers to build Tesla's paint shop at Tesla Factory. A whistleblower federal lawsuit was filed, which was unsealed in the summer of 2017. The suit alleged that Tesla and other major automakers such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Volkswagen illegally used foreign construction workers to build their U.S. factories. Court documents and the journalistic investigation showed that at least 140 foreign workers worked on the factory expansion, some of whom had questionable work visas, for as little as five dollars per hour. The workers came mainly from Eastern Europe on “suspect visas hired through subcontractors.”[450] Ludicrous limited power output Certain Tesla vehicles equipped with its Ludicrous performance mode had limited power output, as discovered by some Tesla owners in 2017. The power limits were connected to how frequently the drivers used Launch Mode; if a driver used it too much, the car's power output was restricted to prevent excessive wear and tear on components. Customers complained and the company removed the limiter.[451] Software copyright infringement In May 2018, it was reported that Tesla had for five[452] or six[453] years been using other people's copyrighted software unlawfully, specifically engaging in GPL violations. The Software Freedom Conservancy reportedly alerted Tesla to the issue repeatedly, but only in 2018 did Tesla begin to remedy its non-compliance with the software's license terms.[453][454][452] Lawsuit alleging sabotage On June 20, 2018, Tesla filed a civil lawsuit in Nevada against a former Tesla employee, who a few days before had been dismissed after allegedly confessing to hacking Tesla's Manufacturing Operating System and to transferring gigabytes of confidential, proprietary data to external, unknown entities.[455] By June 27, Tesla had been granted subpoenas compelling several companies that may be storing data for the former employee, including Apple, Microsoft, Google, Facebook and Dropbox to surrender any such data.[456] Also in late June, the ex-employee reacted by attempting to crowd-fund US$500,000 for his legal defense and counter-suit.[457] As of mid-August, Tripp had retained legal counsel, and had either taken down, on advice of his lawyer, or been hacked, on each of his social media accounts.[458] Musk Twitter investigation In September 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice began investigating Tesla based on a tweet sent out by Elon Musk. In the tweet, Musk stated that he was considering taking the company private, and that he had "funding secured" to complete the deal. DOJ investigators requested company documents in September related to Musk's announcement, and the company complied with the requests.[459] The Securities and Exchange Commission launched its own investigation into Tesla and Musk as well. Musk's announcement came as a surprise to shareholders, and consequently the company's stock price rose by almost 11 percent; 17 days later, Musk said the proposal was dead. The volatile stock price movement resulted in multiple shareholder lawsuits.[459] According to multiple sources, Musk will step down as chairman within 45 days and will be replaced by an independent chairman; he will remain the CEO of the company. He and Tesla also agreed to pay $20 million each in fines that will be distributed to "harmed investors".[460][461] Product issues Recalls As of March 2018, Tesla had issued six product recalls for the Model S, two for the Roadster, and two for the Model X.[462] On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes that could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving."[463][464] On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to corrosion-susceptible power steering bolts that could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.[465] Crashes and fires See also: Tesla Model S fire incidents and Tesla Autopilot § Serious crashes On October 1, 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in Kent, Washington. Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the "direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 modules within the Model S battery pack."[466] On November 6, 2013, a Tesla Model S on Interstate 24 near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, caught fire after it struck a tow hitch on the roadway, causing damage beneath the vehicle. Tesla said that it would conduct its own investigation,[467] and as a result of these incidents, announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.[468] On January 4, 2014, a Tesla Model S in Norway caught fire while charging at one of Tesla's supercharger stations and was completely destroyed. No one was injured.[469] On March 28, 2014, NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after the automaker said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.[470] All Model S cars manufactured after March 6 have the .25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.[471] A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer on May 7, 2016, in Williston, Florida, while the vehicle was in autopilot mode. The driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in autopilot mode.[472][473] The NHTSA investigated the accident and concluded: "A safety-related defect trend has not been identified at this time and further examination of this issue does not appear to be warranted."[474] On May 8, 2018, two 18-year olds died in a fire in Fort Lauderdale, Florida that ensued after crashing a Tesla Model S into a wall. The car was limited to a top speed of 85 mph. The cause has not been identified yet.[475][476] Maintenance costs, crash rates, and insurance costs On June 4, 2017, the American Automobile Association raised insurance rates for Tesla owners following a report from the Highway Loss Data Institute. The report concluded that the Model S crashes 46% more often and is 50% more expensive to repair than comparable vehicles. Similarly, the Model X was concluded to crash 41% more often and to be 89% more expensive to repair than similar vehicles. As a result, AAA raised insurance rates on Tesla cars by 30%. Tesla said that the analysis is "severely flawed and not reflective of reality", however, Tesla failed to provide any contradictory numbers.[477] Shortly thereafter, Russ Rader, the spokesman for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, confirmed the AAA's analysis and that "Teslas get into a lot of crashes and are costly to repair afterward".[478][479] Tesla has not made further statements on this topic. Delays Tesla has been criticized for repeatedly overpromising and underdelivering. Delivery dates for new vehicles and new vehicle features slipped on the Roadster, the Model S and the Model X. Advanced technologies like the prospect of a large network of solar-powered supercharger stations (first installed 2012; only two were solar-powered as of late 2014) also lagged projections.[480] In early October 2017, Musk had predicted that Model 3 production would be up to 5,000 units per week by December.[481] A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018 due in part to difficulties with robots on the assembly line, but primarily due to problems with the battery module.[77] An analyst with Cowan and Company, a public relations firm, made this comment: "Elon Musk needs to stop over promising and under delivering".[482] On September 24, 2018, Musk revealed on Twitter that Tesla will be building its own car carriers as the company is facing challenges due to logistics. Tesla is running into an acute shortage of car carrier trailers leading to a delay in the delivery.[483] In mid-November, with end-of-year buyer tax credits expiring in a little more than six weeks, Musk announced that the company was aggressively ramping up delivery capabilities with trucking contracts and even outright purchase of some trucking firms to deliver as many cars as possible before the deadline.[484] Hacking In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.[485] The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.[486] Tesla issued a security update for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.[487] In September 2016, researchers at Tencent's Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus (CAN bus) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.[488] This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their bug bounty program and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.[489] Tencent hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.[490] In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an Amazon Web Services account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for cryptocurrency mining. Tesla reacted by securing the compromised system and by rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program and stated that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.[491][492] Servicing Tesla offers service at their service centers, or if a center is not available, mobile technicians can perform most inspections and repairs. It is recommended to have any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first.[493] The first units for each new model revealed design and manufacturing flaws, including the Model S and the Model X.[494][495] As the Tesla vehicle fleet grew, limited service centers resulted in waiting periods for some owners.[496] Auto experts view the service delays as insignificant, as owners are more accepting of the challenges of servicing a new type of car.[496] Tesla does not provide service manuals except in jurisdictions that required them to do so.[497] At the June 2018 shareholder meeting, Elon Musk confirmed that Tesla will soon start to open its first body shops in the top ten U.S. metro areas, stocking some body parts, potentially allowing for same-day service.[498] Lobbying activity In June 2017, Tesla made a "last-minute push near the end of the Albany legislative session to expand its sales force in New York."[499] However, Tesla and the legislature got pushback from the auto dealers. A New York State Legislature bill (A.8248/S.6600) would allow Tesla to operate 20 sales locations in the state, up from its current 5. The dealers attacked the bill, arguing that it would hurt their business because Tesla does not sell through dealers. According to the New York Law Journal, "Tesla . . . has its own in-house lobbyists, according to disclosures filed with the state's lobbying entity."[499] Board of directors As of June 2018, the Tesla board of directors consists of:[500] Elon Musk, Chairman, CEO and Product Architect of Tesla; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; Chairman of SolarCity Brad W. Buss, Former CFO of SolarCity; former CFO of Cypress Semiconductor Corp Ira Ehrenpreis, General Partner, Technology Partners Antonio J. Gracias, CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners Steve Jurvetson, Managing Director, Draper Fisher Jurvetson Kimbal Musk, Co-founder of The Kitchen Robyn Denholm, Chair and COO of Telstra James Murdoch, CEO of 21st Century Fox Linda Johnson Rice, CEO and Chairman of Johnson Publishing Company A group of investors asked Tesla in a 2017 public letter to add two new independent directors to its board “who do not have any ties with chief executive Elon Musk”.[501] The investors wrote that “five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement.”[502] The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on groupthink.[502] At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing.”[502] Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members.[503] See also Tesla, Inc. portal Battery electric vehicle List of automobile manufacturers of the United States List of electric cars currently available List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles List of production battery electric vehicles Plug-in electric vehicles in California Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States Notes References "The Making Of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal, And The Birth Of The Roadster". businessinsider.com. 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Retrieved October 26, 2016. "Tesla Motors Service Delays Have Little Or No Effect On The Brand". The Country Caller. November 17, 2016. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016. Despite such poor servicing of vehicles, Blue Book's Karl Brauer believes that there has not been a big effect on the Tesla brand as early owners are not completely dependent on their Model S sedans and Model X SUVs. Dunne Automotive President, Michael Dunne, believes that the owners are well aware of such issues before buying a Tesla car as they know "they are part of this experience of the first breakthrough electric vehicles." Tatarevic, Bozi (October 15, 2015). "Tesla Doesn't Want You to Work on Its Cars". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Lambert, Fred (June 6, 2018). "Tesla to open its own body shops by the end of the month, could offer same day repair, says Elon Musk". Electrek. US. Retrieved June 14, 2018. "Inside Tesla's Lobbying Push to Expand NY Sales". New York Law Journal. Retrieved June 13, 2017. "Board of Directors". Tesla, Inc. Retrieved June 30, 2018. CNBC (April 12, 2017). "Tesla investors urge board changes to prevent dysfunction". CNBC. Retrieved April 14, 2017. "Elon Musk spars with investors who want independent Tesla board". USA Today. Retrieved April 14, 2017. "Musk Promises 2 New Directors for Tesla Amid Shareholder Criticism". Fox Business. April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Further reading Vance, Ashlee (May 19, 2015). Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-230126-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tesla, Inc.. Official website Musk, Elon (July 20, 2016). "Master Plan, Part Deux". Tesla, Inc. Business data for Tesla, Inc.: Google Finance Yahoo! 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Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki See also icon Internet portal Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia Democratization of knowledge Interpedia, an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of online encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies Network effect Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines Print Wikipedia art project to visualize how big Wikipedia is. In cooperation with Wikimedia foundation. QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing protected pages, creating pages in the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. For a user to be considered active in a given month, one or more actions have had to have been made in said month. Wikis are a type of website. The word "wiki" itself is from the Hawaiian word for "quick".[13] As of 08:05, Thursday, December 20, 2018 (UTC) The procrastination principle dictates that you should wait for problems to arise before solving them. Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. See for example the Biographies of Living Persons Noticeboard or Neutral Point of View Noticeboard, created to address content falling under their respective areas. Note that Lsjbot, a bot run by Sverker Johansson, is responsible for much of the growth of the second and third largest Wikipedias, the Cebuano and the Swedish Wikipedias, respectively, as well as the rapid growth of the Waray Wikipedia. See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction References Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". 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Time. May 8, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2017. Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010) Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge Archived September 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., History News Network Retrieved October 21, 2014 J. Petrilli, Michael (SPRING 2008/Vol.8, No.2) Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? Archived November 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Education Next Retrieved October 22, 2014 Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. "The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?". Nieman Lab. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Jonathan Sidener (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2006. Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2007. 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. Richard M. Stallman (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Project". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Slashdot. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Sanger, Larry (January 17, 2001). "Wikipedia Is Up!". Archived from the original on May 6, 2001. Retrieved December 26, 2008. "Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?". Retrieved February 20, 2007. Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. Retrieved December 26, 2008. "WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.com from Network Solutions". September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2018. "WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.org from Network Solutions". September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2018. "Wikipedia: HomePage". Archived from the original on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 31, 2001. "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007). Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says". The Guardian. London. "Multilingual statistics". Wikipedia. March 30, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2008. "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286. "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008". Osdir. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Clay Shirky (February 28, 2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Bobbie Johnson (August 12, 2009). "Wikipedia approaches its limits". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010. Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia (PDF). The International Symposium on Wikis. Orlando, Florida. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Evgeny Morozov (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia". Boston Review. Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2011. Austin Gibbons, David Vetrano, Susan Biancani (2012). Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. open access publication – free to read Jenny Kleeman (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010. "Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis". Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2012. Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009. Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010. Kevin Rawlinson (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors". The Independent. Retrieved April 5, 2012. Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved November 30, 2013. "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins". The Atlantic. July 16, 2012. Ward, Katherine. New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18. "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites". PCWorld. February 17, 2007. "Wikipedia.org Site Overview". alexa.com. Retrieved December 4, 2016. "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 8, 2015. Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led 8 million to look up reps in Congress". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2012. "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves". BBC News. January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012. "SOPA/Blackoutpage". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2012. Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production. New Media & Society. Sage Journals". New Media & Society. 15 (8): 1294. doi:10.1177/1461444812470428. Rebecca J. Rosen (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? • The Atlantic". Retrieved February 9, 2013. Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?". The Economic Times. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved February 10, 2014. "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites". Alexa Internet. Retrieved December 28, 2016. "Wikipedia Statistics (English)". stats.wikimedia.org. Zittrain, Jonathan (2008). The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It – Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12487-3. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Registration notes Protection Policy Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2016. English Wikipedia's protection policy English Wikipedia's full protection policy Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen". Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2009. William Henderson (December 10, 2012). "Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks". Business Insider. Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing". BBC News. Retrieved August 21, 2014. Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF). Linux Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2007. The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. Wikipedia:New pages patrol Andrea Ciffolilli, "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia" Archived December 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., First Monday December 2003. West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit. 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152–161. doi:10.1145/2030376.2030394. Vandalism. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 6, 2012. Fernanda B. Viégas; Martin Wattenberg; Kushal Dave (2004). Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). pp. 575–582. doi:10.1145/985921.985953. ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2007. Reid Priedhorsky; Jilin Chen; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Katherine Panciera; Loren Terveen; John Riedl (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF). Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2007. Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography'". USA Today. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2. Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace". archive.firstamendmentcenter.org. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012. Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. "Who's behind Wikipedia?". PC World. February 6, 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2008. What Wikipedia is not. Retrieved April 1, 2010. "Wikipedia is not a dictionary, usage, or jargon guide." Notability. Retrieved February 13, 2008. "A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject." No original research. February 13, 2008. "Wikipedia does not publish original thought." Verifiability. February 13, 2008. "Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source." Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune. p. 18.(subscription required) Neutral point of view. February 13, 2008. "All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias." Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Slashdot. Dice. Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists". First Monday. 15 (3). Ownership of articles Avoiding Tragedy in the Wiki-Commons, by Andrew George, 12 Va. J.L. & Tech. 8 (2007) Wikipedia:Administrators Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 25, 2007. "Wikipedia:Administrators". 2018-10-03. Retrieved July 12, 2009. "Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect". 2017-01-22. Retrieved September 24, 2009. Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2012. Dispute Resolution Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study". Technology. NBC News. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2012. David A. Hoffman; Salil K. Mehra (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal. 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424. David A. Hoffman; Salil K. Mehra (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal. 59 (1): 151–210. SSRN 1354424. Fernanda B. Viégas; Martin M. Wattenberg; Jesse Kriss; Frank van Ham (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved June 27, 2008. Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site". CNN. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Larry Sanger (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin, Op–Ed. There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise is tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) T. Kriplean, I. Beschastnikh, et al. (2008). "Articulations of wikiwork". Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars. Proceedings of the ACM. p. 47. doi:10.1145/1460563.1460573. ISBN 978-1-60558-007-4. (Subscription required.) Jean Goodwin (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2011. 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Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai (2007). Wikify! Linking Documents to Encyclopedic Knowledge Archived February 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Proc. CIKM. David Milne and Ian H. Witten (2008). Learning to link with Wikipedia. Proc. CIKM. Sisay Fissaha Adafre and [Maarten de Rijke] (2005). Discovering missing links in Wikipedia Archived July 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Proc. LinkKDD. "Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries". MIT Technology Review. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list". MarketWatch. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances". Times Higher Education. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists don’t cite it Archived February 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Science News, 2018 Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial Archived December 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. SSRN, 2017 Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface". Retrieved September 9, 2014. Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias". CNN.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2004. The Free Encyclopedia Project gnu.org ( Archived January 3, 2012, at WebCite) Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?". The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site". LinuxInsider. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Further reading Academic studies Main article: Academic studies about Wikipedia Leitch, Thomas. Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age (2014) Jensen, Richard. "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812", The Journal of Military History 76#4 (October 2012): 523–556; online version. Yasseri, Taha; Robert Sumi; János Kertész (2012). Szolnoki, Attila, ed. "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis". PLoS ONE. 7 (1): e30091. arXiv:1109.1746. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E0091Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030091. PMC 3260192. PMID 22272279. Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law. 8. SSRN 1458162. (A blog post by the author.) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia". First Monday. 12 (8). arXiv:0805.1154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536. doi:10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997. Retrieved February 22, 2008. Pfeil, Ulrike; Panayiotis Zaphiris; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 12 (1): 88. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Priedhorsky, Reid, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, and John Riedl. "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia". Proc. GROUP 2007; doi:10.1145/1316624.1316663 Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF). WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal, Canada: ACM. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Rosenzweig, Roy. Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past. (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–46.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Bernardo A. Huberman (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia". First Monday. 12 (4). arXiv:cs/0702140. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933. doi:10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763. Retrieved February 22, 2008. Aaron Halfaker; R. Stuart Geiger; Jonathan T. Morgan; John Riedl (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (5): 664. doi:10.1177/0002764212469365. Retrieved August 30, 2012. Maggio Lauren, Willinsky John, Steinberg Ryan, Mietchan Daniel, Wass Joseph, Dong Ting. "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" (2017). Books Main article: List of books about Wikipedia Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (September 2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It. San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3. Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4. (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5. Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality. Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9. Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804789448. Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5. (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?". National Public Radio, USA. The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6. O'Sullivan, Dan (September 24, 2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice?. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7. Sheizaf Rafaeli & Yaron Ariel (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia." In Barak, A. Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–267. Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: the MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Wells, Herbert George. (2013). World Brain. New Delhi, India: Isha Books (reprint). ISBN 978-9-333-39061-3. Book reviews and other article Baker, Nicholson. "The Charms of Wikipedia". The New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by John Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon. "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.) Postrel, Virginia, "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it", Pacific Standard magazine, November/December 2014 issue. Learning resources Wikiversity list of learning resources. (Includes related courses, Web-based seminars, slides, lecture notes, text books, quizzes, glossaries, etc.) The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus, Ideas, with Paul Kennedy, CBC Radio One, originally broadcast January 15, 2014. Webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required). Other media coverage See also: List of films about Wikipedia Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace". Houston Chronicle. Broken Record (blog). Retrieved December 17, 2008. Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign". Wired. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2018. Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 22, 2008. Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust". New Scientist. Retrieved January 14, 2008. Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules". The Phoenix. Retrieved February 22, 2008. Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved March 22, 2008. Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog". London Review of Books. Retrieved June 3, 2009. Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World". Time. Retrieved February 22, 2008. "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist". The Economist. June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008. Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? "Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent, February 3, 2009. "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries", BBC News, October 21, 2013. "The Decline of Wikipedia", MIT Technology Review, October 22, 2013 "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" (March 2015), Capital Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard Dark Side of Wikipedia at the Wayback Machine (archived August 4, 2016) Full Measure with Sharyl Attkinson, April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Wikipedia Works". cato.org. Cato Institute. Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it’s treated by governments, and how it’s fueled by its users. External links Wikipedia at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta-Wiki Documentation from MediaWiki Official website (Mobile) – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) (wikipedia.com still redirects here) Wikipedia at Curlie "Wikipedia collected news and commentary". The Guardian. Edit this at Wikidata Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia vte Wikipedia Overview (Outline) Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing Criticism gender bias ideological bias racial bias Deletionism and inclusionism MediaWiki Notability Reliability Vandalism Predictions of the project's end Community Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Citation needed Edit-a-thon "Ignore all rules" policy List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikipedian in residence Wikimania WikiProject Women in Red People Florence Devouard Sue Gardner James Heilman Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Erik Möller Ira Brad Matetsky Larry Sanger Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Wikipedians Wikimedian of the Year History Bomis Logo Controversies U.S. Congressional staff edits Essjay controversy Seigenthaler biography incident Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Italian Wikipedia blackout English Wikipedia blackout Hillsborough Wikipedia posts MyWikiBiz Lsjbot VisualEditor Art+Feminism #1Lib1Ref Honors 2008 Quadriga award Wikipedia Monument 2015 Erasmus Prize 2015 Princess of Asturias Award References and analysis Cultural Bibliography Films Academic studies WikiScanner Wikipedia Review Wikipediocracy Wiki-Watch Mobile access Apps QRpedia Wapedia WikiNodes Wikipedia Zero Wikiwand Content use Books LLC DBpedia Deletionpedia Kiwix WikiReader Science information Health information Similar projects Interpedia Nupedia Citizendium Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español Everipedia Veropedia List of online encyclopedias List of wikis Related Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs Print Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) 274301 Wikipedia List-Class article List Category Category vte Wikis vte Wikimedia Foundation vte List of Wikipedias by article count Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BIBSYS: 8030646 BNF: cb165741116 (data) GND: 7545251-0 ISNI: 0000 0004 4914 788X LCCN: no2008072801 NKC: kn20090528031 NSK: 000625468 SELIBR: 319345 SUDOC: 11109383X VIAF: 195846295 WorldCat Identities: 195846295 Categories: Wikipedia2001 establishments in the United StatesAdvertising-free websitesAmerican websitesCreative Commons-licensed websitesFree online encyclopediasInternet properties established in 2001Multilingual websitesOpen content projectsSocial information processingWikimedia projectsWikis Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Languages Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 268 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2018, at 03:48 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Page semi-protected Google From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the company. For the search engine, see Google Search. For other uses, see Google (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Googol. Google LLC Each letter of "Google" is colored (from left to right) in blue, red, yellow, blue, green, and red. Google's logo since 2015 Googleplex-Patio-Aug-2014.JPG Google's headquarters, the Googleplex, in August 2014 Formerly Google Inc. (1998–2017) Type Subsidiary Industry Internet Software Computer hardware Founded September 4, 1998; 20 years ago in Menlo Park, California[1][2] Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Headquarters 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California, U.S.[3] Area served Worldwide Key people Sundar Pichai (CEO) Ruth Porat (CFO) Products List of Google products Number of employees 85,050[4] (Q1 2018) Parent Alphabet Inc. (2015–present) Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries Website google.com Google LLC[5] is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware. Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University in California. Together they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's leading subsidiary and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page who became the CEO of Alphabet. The company's rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine (Google Search). It offers services designed for work and productivity (Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides), email (Gmail/Inbox), scheduling and time management (Google Calendar), cloud storage (Google Drive), social networking (Google+), instant messaging and video chat (Google Allo, Duo, Hangouts), language translation (Google Translate), mapping and navigation (Google Maps, Waze, Google Earth, Street View), video sharing (YouTube), note-taking (Google Keep), and photo organizing and editing (Google Photos). The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser. Google has moved increasingly into hardware; from 2010 to 2015, it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices, and it released multiple hardware products in October 2016, including the Google Pixel smartphone, Google Home smart speaker, Google Wifi mesh wireless router, and Google Daydream virtual reality headset. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier. In February 2010, it announced Google Fiber, a fiber-optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City; in April 2015, it launched Project Fi in the United States, combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers; and in 2016, it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi-Fi available around the world, with initial deployment in India.[6] Alexa Internet monitors commercial web traffic and lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube and Blogger. Google is the most valuable brand in the world as of 2017,[7] but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance, antitrust, censorship, and search neutrality. Google's mission statement is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", and its unofficial slogan was "Don't be evil". In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase "Do the right thing", while the original one was retained in the code of conduct of Google.[8] Around May 2018, the slogan was silently removed from the code's clauses, leaving only one generic reference in its last paragraph.[9] Contents 1 History 1.1 Financing (1998) and initial public offering (2004) 1.2 Growth 1.3 2013 onward 1.4 Acquisitions and partnerships 1.4.1 2000–2009 1.4.2 2010–present 1.5 Google data centers 1.6 Alphabet 2 Products and services 2.1 Advertising 2.2 Search engine 2.3 Enterprise services 2.3.1 Business incubator 2.4 Consumer services 2.4.1 Web-based services 2.4.2 Software 2.4.3 Hardware 2.5 Internet services 2.6 Other products 2.7 APIs 2.8 Other websites 3 Corporate affairs and culture 3.1 Innovation Time Off policy 3.2 The New York Times exposé (2018) 3.3 Employees 3.4 Office locations and headquarters 3.4.1 Mountain View 3.4.2 New York City 3.4.3 Other U.S. cities 3.4.4 International locations 3.5 Doodles 3.6 Easter eggs and April Fools' Day jokes 3.7 Philanthropy 3.8 Tax avoidance 3.9 Environment 3.10 Lobbying 3.11 Litigation 4 Criticism and controversy 4.1 Legal controversies 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Main article: History of Google Google's homepage in 1998 Google's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had little experience in HTML, the markup language used for designing web pages.[10] Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California.[11] While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.[12] They called this new technology PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.[13][14] Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[15][16][17] Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine originated from a misspelling of the word "googol",[18][19] the number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[20] Originally, Google ran under Stanford University's website, with the domains google.stanford.edu[21] and z.stanford.edu.[22] The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997,[23] and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in the garage of a friend (Susan Wojcicki[11]) in Menlo Park, California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[11][24][25] Financing (1998) and initial public offering (2004) Google's first servers, showing lots of exposed wiring and circuit boards Google's first production server.[26] Google was initially funded by an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems; the money was given before Google was incorporated.[27] Google received money from three other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton, and entrepreneur Ram Shriram.[28] After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,[28] a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[29] with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.[27] Early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer. Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it.[30] Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later, on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[31] At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[32][33] Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.[34][35] The sale of $1.67 bn (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23bn.[36] By January 2014, its market capitalization had grown to $397bn.[37] The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefitted because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.[38] There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[39] As a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[40] In 2005, articles in The New York Times[41] and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[42][43][44] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative environment.[45] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[46][47] In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[48] The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[49] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.[50] The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[50] GOOG shares split into GOOG class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.[51] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.[52] Growth In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[53] which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[54] The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.[55][11] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[56] This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off created by Bill Gross.[57][58] When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Search Marketing. The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[59] In 2001, Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism.[60] The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.[61] The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[62] By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[63][64] The first use of "Google" as a verb in pop culture happened on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, in 2002.[65] In 2005, The Washington Post reported on a 700 percent increase in third-quarter profit for Google, largely thanks to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.[66] In January 2008, all the data that passed through Google's MapReduce software component had an aggregated size of 20 petabytes per day.[67][68][69] In 2009, a CNN report about top political searches of 2009 noted that "more than a billion searches" are being typed into Google on a daily basis.[70] In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time, an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 (931 million).[71] The year 2012 was the first time that Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue, generating $38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."[72] In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.[73] Google has a total of four offices in India, including its country headquarters in Hyderabad, and over 1 lakh sq ft office space leased in the First International Finance Centre in the Bandra Kurla Complex.[74] 2013 onward Google's logo until 2015 Screenshot of the Google homepage in 2015 Google announced the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple, Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[75] Google celebrated its 15-year anniversary on September 27, 2013, and in 2016 it celebrated its 18th birthday with an animated version of its logo (a "Google Doodle"),[76] although it has used other dates for its official birthday.[77] The reason for the choice of September 27 remains unclear, and a dispute with rival search engine Yahoo! Search in 2005 has been suggested as the cause.[78][79] The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook, Intel, and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.[80] The corporation's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.[81] Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements.[82] According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[83] 2014,[84] 2015,[85] and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.[86] In September 2015, Google engineering manager Rachel Potvin revealed details about Google's software code at an engineering conference. She revealed that the entire Google codebase, which spans every single service it develops, consists of over 2 billion lines of code. All that code is stored in a code repository available to all 25,000 Google engineers, and the code is regularly copied and updated on 10 Google data centers. To keep control, Potvin said Google has built its own "version control system", called "Piper", and that "when you start a new project, you have a wealth of libraries already available to you. Almost everything has already been done." Engineers can make a single code change and deploy it on all services at the same time. The only major exceptions are that the PageRank search results algorithm is stored separately with only specific employee access, and the code for the Android operating system and the Google Chrome browser are also stored separately, as they don't run on the Internet. The "Piper" system spans 85 TB of data. Google engineers make 25,000 changes to the code each day and on a weekly basis change approximately 15 million lines of code across 250,000 files. With that much code, automated bots have to help. Potvin reported, "You need to make a concerted effort to maintain code health. And this is not just humans maintaining code health, but robots too.” Bots aren't writing code, but generating a lot of the data and configuration files needed to run the company's software. "Not only is the size of the repository increasing," Potvin explained, "but the rate of change is also increasing. This is an exponential curve."[87][88] As of October 2016, Google operates 70 offices in more than 40 countries.[89] Alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world.[90] Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube[91] and Blogger.[92] Acquisitions and partnerships Main article: List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 2000–2009 In 2001, Google acquired Deja News, the operators of a large archive of materials from Usenet.[93][94] Google rebranded the archive as Google Groups, and by the end of the year, it had expanded the history back to 1981.[95][96] In April 2003, Google acquired Applied Semantics, a company specializing in making software applications for the online advertising space.[97][98] The AdSense contextual advertising technology developed by Applied Semantics was adopted into Google's advertising efforts.[99][96] In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole, Inc.[100] Keyhole's eponymous product was later renamed Google Earth. In April 2005, Google acquired Urchin Software, using their Urchin on Demand product (along with ideas from Adaptive Path's Measure Map) to create Google Analytics in 2006. In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock,[101][102] and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[103][104] On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[105] The deal was approved despite anti-trust concerns raised by competitors Microsoft and AT&T.[106] In addition to the many companies Google has purchased, the firm has partnered with other organizations for research, advertising, and other activities. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices.[107] In 2005 Google partnered with AOL[108] to enhance each other's video search services. In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace.[109] In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing the former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve,[110] using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time.[111][112] In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008.[113] Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine's photographs.[114][115] 2010–present In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project, putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty-percent stake in the project to get funding for its development.[116] In February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.[117] The order specifically states that Google Energy—a subsidiary of Google—holds the rights "for the sale of energy, capacity, and ancillary services at market-based rates", but acknowledges that neither Google Energy nor its affiliates "own or control any generation or transmission" facilities.[118] The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.[119] Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway-based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition enabled Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products.[120] On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob. This occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase.[121] Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount.[122] In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.[123] On April 4, 2011, The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900 million for 6000 Nortel Networks patents.[124] On August 15, 2011, Google made its largest-ever acquisition to date when it announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion[125][126] subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In a post on Google's blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition was a strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The company's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry-wide patent battle, as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC, Samsung, and Motorola.[127] The merger was completed on May 22, 2012, after the approval of China.[128] This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[129] mainly Apple and Microsoft,[127] and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android.[130] After the acquisition closed, Google began to restructure the Motorola business to fit Google's strategy. On August 13, 2012, Google announced plans to lay off 4000 Motorola Mobility employees.[131] On December 10, 2012, Google sold the manufacturing operations of Motorola Mobility to Flextronics for $75 million.[132] As a part of the agreement, Flextronics will manufacture undisclosed Android and other mobile devices.[133] On December 19, 2012, Google sold the Motorola Home business division of Motorola Mobility to Arris Group for $2.35 billion in a cash-and-stock transaction. As a part of this deal, Google acquired a 15.7% stake in Arris Group valued at $300 million.[134][135] In June 2013, Google acquired Waze, a $966 million deal.[136] While Waze would remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps, Google's own mapping service.[137] Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary Deep Mind are located at 6 Pancras Square, London, UK. On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies, a privately held artificial intelligence company from London. DeepMind describes itself as having the ability to combine the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build general-purpose learning algorithms. DeepMind's first commercial applications were used in simulations, e-commerce and games. As of December 2013, it was reported that DeepMind had roughly 75 employees.[138] Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million though it was not disclosed where the information came from. A Google spokesman would not comment of the price.[139][140] The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in the artificial intelligence and robotics community.[141] On January 29, 2014, Google announced that it would divest Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $2.91 billion, a fraction of the original $12.5 billion price paid by Google to acquire the company. Google retained all but 2000 of Motorola's patents and entered into cross-licensing deals.[142] On September 21, 2017, HTC announced a "cooperation agreement" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for $1.1 billion.[143][144][145] On December 6, 2017, Google made its first investment in India and picked up a significant minority stake in hyper-local concierge and delivery player Dunzo.[146] The Benguluru-based startup received $12 million investment in Google's series B funding round.[147] On March 29, 2018, Google led a Series C funding round into online-to-offline fashion e-commerce start-up Fynd.[148] It was its second direct investment in India with an undisclosed amount.[149][150] In this way, Google is also looking to build an ecosystem in India across high-frequency hyper-local transactions as well as in the healthcare, financial services, and education sectors. On August 23, 2018, Google deleted 39 YouTube accounts, 13 Google+ accounts and 6 blogs on Blogger due to their engagement in politically motivated phishing, the deleted accounts were found to be tied with Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB).[151][152][153] Google data centers See also: Google data centers Google data centers are located in North and South America, Asia, Europe.[154] Traditionally, Google relied on parallel computing on commodity hardware[155] like mainstream x86 computers similar to home PCs[156] to keep costs per query low.[157] In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.[157] In October 2013, The Washington Post reported that the U.S. National Security Agency intercepted communications between Google's data centers, as part of a program named MUSCULAR.[158][159] This wiretapping was made possible because Google did not encrypt data passed inside its own network.[160] Google began encrypting data sent between data centers in 2013.[161] Google's most efficient data center runs at 35 °C (95 °F) using only fresh air cooling, requiring no electrically powered air conditioning; the servers run so hot that humans cannot go near them for extended periods.[162] An August 2011 report estimated that Google had about 900,000 servers in their data centers, based on energy usage. The report does state that "Google never says how many servers are running in its data centers."[163] In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it will power all of its data centers, as well as all of its offices, from 100% renewable energy. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy". Google also stated that it does not count that as its final goal; it says that "since the wind doesn't blow 24 hours a day, we'll also broaden our purchases to a variety of energy sources that can enable renewable power, every hour of every day". Additionally, the project will "help support communities" around the world, as the purchase commitments will "result in infrastructure investments of more than $3.5 billion globally", and will "generate tens of millions of dollars per year in revenue to local property owners, and tens of millions more to local and national governments in tax revenue".[164][165][166] Alphabet Main article: Alphabet Inc. On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet. Google became Alphabet's leading subsidiary, and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.[167][168][169] On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a limited liability company, Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of XXVI Holdings Inc., which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.[170] Products and services See also: List of Google products Advertising Google on ad-tech London, 2010 As per its 2017 Annual report, Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on google and you tube, android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. 46% of this was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$ 109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely AdMob, AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and DoubleClick AdExchange.[171] For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.[172] In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[173] In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from the company DoubleClick, to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.[174][175] In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[176] Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[177] Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google's AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[178] The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[179] One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.[180] In February 2003, Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana, a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship's sewage treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time, stating "Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations."[181] In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisements on its web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized because of antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008.[182][183] In July 2016, Google started rejecting all flash-based adverts replacing them by HTML5. Google's plan was to go “100% HTML5” beginning on January 2, 2017.[184] Search engine Main articles: Google Search and Google Images Google Search homepage as of 2 December 2016 According to comScore market research from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of 65.6%.[185] Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators.[186] In 2003, The New York Times complained about Google's indexing, claiming that Google's caching of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content.[187] In both Field v. Google and Parker v. Google, the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google.[188][189] The publication 2600: The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that google's new instant search feature will not search.[190] Google also hosts Google Books. The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews, and full books were allowed, into its new book search engine. The Authors Guild, a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors, filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this service. Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books.[191] Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the UK, Australia, and Canada.[192] Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, asking it to remove the works of La Martinière (Éditions du Seuil) from its database.[193] In competition with Amazon.com, Google sells digital versions of new books.[194] On July 21, 2010, in response to Bing, Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. Although web searches still appear in a batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches.[195] The "Hummingbird" update to the Google search engine was announced in September 2013. The update was introduced over the month prior to the announcement and allows users ask the search engine a question in natural language rather than entering keywords into the search box.[196] In August 2016, Google announced two major changes to its mobile search results. The first change removes the "mobile-friendly" label that highlighted easy to read pages from its mobile search results page. For the second change, the company—starting on January 10, 2017—will punish mobile pages that show intrusive interstitial advertisements when a user first opens a page. Such pages will also rank lower in Google search results.[197] In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[198][199] Enterprise services Main article: G Suite G Suite is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.[200] Google's search appliance Google's search appliance at the 2008 RSA Conference Google Search Appliance was launched in February 2002, targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations.[11] Google launched the Mini three years later, which was targeted at smaller organizations. Late in 2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition, providing customers with an advertising-free window into Google.com's index. The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008.[201] Site Search customers were notified by email in late March 2017 that no new licenses for Site Search would be sold after April 1, 2017, but that customer and technical support would be provided for the duration of existing license agreements.[202][203] On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete customer journey", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".[204] Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.[205] Business incubator On September 24, 2012,[206] Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-for-profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[207] Presently, there are 7 Campus locations in Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw. Consumer services Web-based services Google offers Gmail, and the newer variant Inbox,[208] for email,[209] Google Calendar for time-management and scheduling,[210] Google Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,[211] Google Drive for cloud storage of files,[212] Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity,[212] Google Photos for photo storage and sharing,[213] Google Keep for note-taking,[214] Google Translate for language translation,[215] YouTube for video viewing and sharing,[216] and Google+, Allo, and Duo for social interaction.[217][218][219] Software Google develops the Android mobile operating system,[220] as well as its smartwatch,[221] television,[222] car,[223] and Internet of things-enabled smart devices variations.[224] It also develops the Google Chrome web browser,[225] and Chrome OS, an operating system based on Chrome.[226] Hardware In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own, "Nexus", brand.[227] It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" branding[228] until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called, Pixel.[229] In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, described as a "new kind of computer" running Chrome OS.[230] In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, that allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.[231][232] In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that lets user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.[233][234] In April 2016, Recode reported that Google had hired Rick Osterloh, Motorola Mobility's former President, to head Google's new hardware division.[235] In October 2016, Osterloh stated that "a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience",[229] and Google announced several hardware platforms: The Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones with the Google Assistant, a next-generation contextual voice assistant, built-in.[236] Google Home, an Amazon Echo-like voice assistant placed in the house that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example).[237] Daydream View virtual reality headset that lets Android users with compatible Daydream-ready smartphones put their phones in the headset and enjoy VR content.[238] Google Wifi, a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.[239] Internet services In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[240][241] Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[242][243] In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.[244][245][246] In September 2016, Google began its Google Station initiative, a project for public Wi-Fi at railway stations in India. Caesar Sengupta, VP for Google's next billion users, told The Verge that 15,000 people get online for the first time thanks to Google Station and that 3.5 million people use the service every month. The expansion meant that Google was looking for partners around the world to further develop the initiative, which promised "high-quality, secure, easily accessible Wi-Fi".[247] By December, Google Station had been deployed at 100 railway stations,[248] and in February, Google announced its intention to expand beyond railway stations, with a plan to bring citywide Wi-Fi to Pune.[249][250] As of October 2018, Orange has teamed up with Google in order to create a transatlantic undersea cable to share data between the United States and France at faster speeds. Planned to begin operation in 2020, the cable is purported to transfer information at rates “more than 30 terabits per second, per [fibre] pair”. The cable will span approximately 6600 kilometers in length.[251] Other products Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites.[252] In March 2005, Agence France Presse (AFP) sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia, a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News.[253] In May 2011, Google announced Google Wallet, a mobile application for wireless payments.[254] In 2013, Google launched Google Shopping Express, a delivery service initially available only in San Francisco and Silicon Valley.[255] Google Alerts is a content change detection and notification service, offered by the search engine company Google. The service sends emails to the user when it finds new results—such as web pages, newspaper articles, or blogs—that match the user's search term.[256][257][258] In July 2015 Google released DeepDream, an image recognition software capable of creating psychedelic images using a convolutional neural network.[259][260][261] Google introduced its Family Link service in March 2017, letting parents buy Android Nougat-based Android devices for kids under 13 years of age and create a Google account through the app, with the parents controlling the apps installed, monitor the time spent using the device, and setting a "Bedtime" feature that remotely locks the device.[262][263][264] In April 2017, Google launched AutoDraw, a web-based tool using artificial intelligence and machine learning to recognize users' drawings and replace scribbles with related stock images that have been created by professional artists.[265][266][267] The tool is built using the same technology as QuickDraw, an experimental game from Google's Creative Lab where users were tasked with drawing objects that algorithms would recognize within 20 seconds.[268] In May 2017, Google added "Family Groups" to several of its services. The feature, which lets users create a group consisting of their family members' individual Google accounts, lets users add their "Family Group" as a collaborator to shared albums in Google Photos, shared notes in Google Keep, and common events in Google Calendar. At announcement, the feature is limited to Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom and United States.[269][270] APIs Google APIs are a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) developed by Google which allow communication with Google Services and their integration to other services. Examples of these include Search, Gmail, Translate or Google Maps. Third-party apps can use these APIs to take advantage of or extend the functionality of the existing services. Other websites Google Developers is Google's site for software development tools, APIs, and technical resources. The site contains documentation on using Google developer tools and APIs—including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google's developer products. Google Labs was a page created by Google to demonstrate and test new projects. Google owns the top-level domain 1e100.net which is used for some servers within Google's network. The name is a reference to the scientific E notation representation for 1 googol, 1E100 = 1 × 10100.[271] In March 2017, Google launched a new website, opensource.google.com, to publish its internal documentation for Google Open Source projects.[272][273] In June 2017, Google launched "We Wear Culture", a searchable archive of 3,000 years of global fashion. The archive, a result of collaboration between Google and over 180 museums, schools, fashion institutes, and other organizations, also offers curated exhibits of specific fashion topics and their impact on society.[274][275] Corporate affairs and culture Eric Schmidt Eric Schmidt, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page sitting together Then-CEO, now Chairman of Google Eric Schmidt with cofounders Sergey Brin and Larry Page (left to right) in 2008. 20 colleges with the most alumni at Google.png On Fortune magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,[276][277][278] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[279][280] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.[281] Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."[282] Innovation Time Off policy As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.[283] In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice-President of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.[284] The New York Times exposé (2018) On 25 October 2018, The New York Times published the exposé, "How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the ‘Father of Android’". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[285] A week after the article appeared, Google X (renamed X Development LLC in 2015) executive Rich DeVaul resigned pursuant to a complaint of sexual harassment.[286] Employees Asian man in his twenties wearing a blue, green, yellow, and red propeller hat that says "Noogle" New employees are called "Nooglers," and are given a propeller beanie cap to wear on their first Friday.[287] As of March 2018, Google has 85,050 employees.[4] Google's 2017 diversity report states that 31 percent of its workforce are women and 69 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (56%) and Asian (35%).[288] Within tech roles, however, 20 percent were women; and 25 percent of leadership roles were held by women.[288] The report also announced that Intel's former vice-president, CDO, and CHRO Danielle Brown would be joining Google as its new Vice-President of Diversity.[288] A March 2013 report was presented at EclipseCon2013 which detailed that Google had over 10,000 developers based in more than 40 offices.[289][needs update] Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six."[290] Following the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000.[291] In March 2008, Sheryl Sandberg, then vice-president of global online sales and operations, began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook.[292][293] In 2009, early employee Tim Armstrong left to become CEO of AOL. In July 2012, Google's first female engineer, Marissa Mayer, left Google to become Yahoo!'s CEO.[294] In January 2017, Google employees donated over $2 million to a crisis fund in support of refugees; the company matched the donation with an additional $2 million. Employees then organized a global workplace walk-out, aided by the hashtag #GooglersUnite, to protest U.S. President Donald Trump's Muslim travel ban.[295][296] In late 2017, former Intel executive Diane Bryant became Chief Operating Officer of Google Cloud.[297] On 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the golden parachute exit of former executive Andy Rubin;[298] more than 20,000 employees and contractors participated.[299] CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.[300] Office locations and headquarters Google Mountain View campus garden Bicycles painted in the corporate color scheme are available for free use by any employee traveling around the Googleplex Mountain View Main article: Googleplex Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles. Many employees have access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games, table football, a baby grand piano, a billiard table, and ping pong. In addition to the recreation room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks, with special emphasis placed on nutrition.[301] Free food is available to employees 24/7, with the offerings provided by paid vending machines prorated based on and favoring those of better nutritional value.[302] Google's extensive amenities are not available to all of its workers. Temporary workers such as book scanners do not have access to shuttles, Google cafes, or other perks.[303] New York City Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team. In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan. The office was designed and built specially for Google, and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships.[304] The New York headquarters includes a game room, micro-kitchens, and a video game area.[305] In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion, the biggest for a single building in the United States that year.[306][307] In February 2012, Google moved additional employees to the New York City campus, with a total of around 2,750 employees.[308] Google's New York City location continued to expand in 2018. In March of that year, Google's parent company Alphabet bought Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion nearby its current New York HQ. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York.[309][310][311][312] The same December, it was announced that a $1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's Hudson Square neighborhood.[313][314] Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.[315] Other U.S. cities By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[316] In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs.[317][318] Other office locations in the U.S. include Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado; Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Kirkland, Washington; Birmingham, Michigan; Reston, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.[319] In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[320] The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[320] In addition, Google announced in 2009 that it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short, helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds.[321][322] The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from Bob Widlar, an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor.[323] In 2008, Google faced accusations in Harper's Magazine of being an "energy glutton". The company was accused of employing its "Don't be evil" motto and its public energy-saving campaigns to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy its servers require.[324] International locations Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.[325] It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely Sydney (birthplace location of Google Maps)[326] and London (part of Android development).[327] In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London headquarter, a notable 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,[328] Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017. The new building, if approved, will feature a rooftop garden with a running track, giant moving blinds, a swimming pool, and a multi-use games area for sports.[329][330] In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad, India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.[331][332] Doodles Main article: Google Doodle Since 1998, Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998.[333][334] The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".[335] Easter eggs and April Fools' Day jokes Main articles: List of Google April Fools' Day jokes and List of Google Easter eggs Google has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. On April 1, 2000, Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[336] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.[337] Also in 2007, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them.[338] In 2008, Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent.[339] In 2010, Google changed its company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka, Kansas, whose mayor changed the city's name to Google for a short amount of time in an attempt to sway Google's decision in its new Google Fiber Project.[340][341] In 2011, Google announced Gmail Motion, an interactive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user's webcam.[342] Google's services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker" or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.[343] The search engine calculator provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[344] When searching the word "recursion", the spell-checker's result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word, creating a recursive link.[345] When searching for the word "anagram," meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"[346] In Google Maps, searching for directions between places separated by large bodies of water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, results in instructions to "kayak across the Pacific Ocean." During FIFA World Cup 2010, search queries including "World Cup" and "FIFA" caused the "Goooo...gle" page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read "Goooo...al!" instead.[347] Philanthropy Main article: Google.org In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.[348] The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program's executive director in 2004[349] and Megan Smith has since replaced him has director.[350] In 2008, Google announced its "project 10100" which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.[351] After two years of silence, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,[352] Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.[353] In March 2007, in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), Google hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its headquarters in Mountain View.[354] In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[355][356] In July 2012, Google launched a "Legalize Love" campaign in support of gay rights.[357] Tax avoidance Further information: Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Multinational tax schemes Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. Out of the five largest American technology companies, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in for instance the UK is 28 per cent.[358] This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's transfer pricing practices.[359] Following criticism of the amount of corporate taxes that Google paid in the United Kingdom, Chairman Eric Schmidt said, "It's called capitalism. We are proudly capitalistic." During the same December 2012 interview, Schmidt confirmed that the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer.[360] Google Vice-President Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.[361] In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[362] Environment Since 2007, Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations.[363] Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant. Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.[364] In 2007, Google launched a project centered on developing renewable energy, titled the "Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal (RE10,000 developers in 40+ offices Wakabayashi, Daisuke (September 8, 2017). "Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women". CNBC. Retrieved September 25, 2017. La Monica, Paul R. (March 31, 2006). "Google leaders stick with $1 salary". CNN Money. CNN. Retrieved April 25, 2017. Liedtke, Michael (March 5, 2008). "Facebook Raids Google for Executive". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 31, 2008. "Another Googler goes to Facebook: Sheryl Sandberg becomes new COO". Venture Beat. March 4, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008. Rushie, Dominic (July 16, 2012). "Google executive Marissa Mayer to become Yahoo CEO in surprise move". The Guardian. London. 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Retrieved November 28, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/13/new-zealand-courts-banned-naming-grace-millanes-accused-killer-google-just-emailed-it-out https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/justice-minister-says-google-has-called-account-breaching-suppression-in-grace-millane-case?utm_variant=taboola_visible_1 https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/lawyers-ongoing-suppression-breaches-in-grace-millane-case-endanger-trial/ Further reading Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. ISBN 978-1593157203. External links Google at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta-Wiki Official website Edit this at Wikidata Corporate homepage Google website at the Wayback Machine (archived November 11, 1998) Carr, David F. (2006). "How Google Works". Baseline Magazine. 6 (6). Google at Crunchbase Google companies grouped at OpenCorporates Business data for Google, Inc.: Reuters SEC filings vte Google vte Alphabet Inc. 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